DES was prescribed to pregnant women in late 1940s through the early 1970s. A weakness of this theory is that it is descriptive rather than explanatory. Lets look at a few of those factors. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. Biological factors include genetic influences, brain chemistry, hormone levels, nutrition, and gender. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. In the past, gender identity was thought to be influenced only by social and familial factors. David Reimer is an example of one of these cases (Bevan, 2017). Not only that they can pair male and female voices with male and female faces (known as intermodal gender knowledge; Poulin-Dubois, Serbin, Kenyon, & Derbyshire, 1994). van Schalkwyk et al. Biological . Gender identity appears to be established by around age three and gender constancy somewhere between the ages of five and seven. Specifically, twin studies have shown that nonconforming gender traits, or transgender, is linked to genetic gender predispositions. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. To explain this, social cognitive theory posits that one has enactive experiences (this is essentially when a person receives reactions to gendered behavior), direct instruction (this is when someone is taught knowledge of expected gendered behavior), and modeling (this is when others show someone gendered behavior and expectations). Overall, for both genders, identification is the ultimate resolution of the internal conflict in the Phallic stage. Gender and Aggression Genetic Origins of Aggression Genetic Research on Serotonin Genetical Research on Testosterone Genetics of Aggression Innate Releasing Mechanisms Institutional Aggression in The Context of Prisons Limbic System Media Influences on Aggression Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Serotonin Research An understanding of these roles is evident in children as young as age four, and they play a large role in social development. Once a child can label their own gender, they begin to apply schemas to themselves. In a girl, it is the other way around. Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. The gender of the child, while in the developed countries, does not impact as much as it does in developing countries. Genetic gender predisposition theorists further reference case studies in which males with damaged genitalia undergo plastic surgery as infants to modify their genitalia to be more female aligned. Nutrients and micronutrients are vital for proper brain function. The focus teachers and educators have on different qualities may have a lasting impact on children. Both theories rely heavily on the influence of parents. To resolve this tension, the boy takes on the masculine characteristics of his father. These stages are: Gender Identity Gender Stability Gender Constancy Let's take a deeper look at each stage now. Prenatal toxin exposure appears to be relevant when examining diethylstilbestrol (DES), specifically. Moreover, when considering print media, we know that there tends to be a focus on appearance, body image, and relationships for teenage girls, whereas print media tends to focus on occupations and hobbies for boys. Boys also tend to use more threats and physical force whereas girls do not prefer this type of play. This theory also accounts for the entire lifespan when considering development, which is drastically different than earlier theories, such as psychodynamic theories, which focused on childhood and adolescence. More about Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development, Institutional Aggression in The Context of Prisons, Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression, Social Psychological Explanation of Aggression, The Hydraulic Model of Instinctive Behaviour, The Self Congruence and Conditions of Worth, Classic and Contemporary Research into Memory, Classic and Contemporary Research into Obedience, Contemporary Research - Language of Psychopaths, Developmental Psychology in Obedience/Prejudice, Individual Differences in Ideological Attitudes and Prejudice, Issues and Debates in the Context of Obedience/Prejudice, Reconstruction From Memory in Naturalistic Environments, Circadian, Infradian and Ultradian Rhythms, Electroencephalogram (EEGs) and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), Fight-or-Flight Response and The Role of Adrenaline, Plasticity and Functional Recovery of the Brain After Trauma, The Function of the Endocrine System - Glands and hormones, Psychological Perspectives and Etiology of Disorders, Psychological Perspectives in the Treatment of Disorders, The Rosenhan Study - The Influence of Labels, Bruner and Minturn Study of Perceptual Set, Gregory's Constructivist Theory of Perception, Issues and Debates in Developmental Psychology, The Gilchrist and Nesberg study of motivation, Baillargeon Explanation of Early Infant Abilities, Vygotskys theory of cognitive development, Analysis and Interpretation of Correlation, Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, Anger Management and Restorative Justice Programmes, Genetic Explanations of Offending Behaviour, Level of Moral Reasoning and Cognitive Distortions, Psychodynamic Theories and The Moral Component, The Role of Chromosomes And Hormones In Gender, Duck's Phase Model of Relationship Breakdown, Ethical Issues and Ways of Dealing with Them, Peer Review and Economic Applications of Research, Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Psychological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Psychological Therapies for Schizophrenia, Reliability and Validity in Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Treatment and Therapies for Schizophrenia, Structuralism and Functionalism in Psychology, Ethical Issues in Social Influence Research, Penfield's Study of The Interpretive Cortex. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. Children tend to play in sex-segregated peer groups. Research has also revealed that prosocial behaviors are encouraged more in girls, than boys (Garcia & Guzman, 2017). By stating this, it had to be understood that a boy and girls develop differently. 2 Society tends to see gender as binary. Biological Influences influencing Gender Development : Anatomy [scientific study of male & female human body structures] ; Puberty [Adolescents transition to sexually mature reproductive adults] ; Initially, mothers engaged in this behavior more than the children did; however, as children aged, children began displaying this behavior more than their mothers did. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Although interpretations and adherence to gender stereotypes is very rigid initially, as children get enter middle childhood, they learn more about stereotypes and that gender stereotypes are flexible and varied (Bussey, 2014). So, if a schema is, Only girls cook, then a boy may apply that to themselves and learn he cannot cook. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. There are two different factors at play: our genetics and our hormones. It explores how creativity is initiated by design cognition and explains relationships between style and creativity. Bertha (Anna O.) First, declarative episodic learning is learning that occurs by observing or modeling behavior, which requires an individual to be able to verbally recall what has been observed. The social learning theory plays a major role in gender development. A strength of Kohlberg's theory is that many studies support it, e.g. As children get older, peers become increasingly influential. Culture, social, biological, and psychological factors can influence the development of psychopathology. Media includes movies, television, cartoons, commercials, and print media (e.g., newspapers, magazines). The second approach is socialization, whereby one theory will be examined: social learning theory. However, each theory has a slightly different perspective on how that may occur. Interestingly, there are two variations of gender schema theory. You then go to the equipment and do the same exact thing! Biological, Cognitive, Socioemotional Development Introduction Psychology is a profession that explains scientific changes that occur in human beings during their development stages. Factors influencing learning in late life, appropriate teaching and learning strategies, and health literacy are also discussed. Females in videogames tend to be sexualized and males are portrayed as aggressive (Stever, 2017; Torino, 2017). Gender Development summarize what we know about biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender development. Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). Parents label gender even when not required. Briefly, Oedipus was separated from his mother and father early in life. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. Psychologist Lev Vygotsky believed that parents, caregivers, peers, and the . That means we are not focusing on the anatomical/biological sex development of an individual, rather, we are focusing on how biological factors may impact gender development and gendered behavior. True or false? Theories of gender role development fall into two major categories, namely, biological and social-cognitive. Parents begin to socialize children to gender long before they can label their own. have been scrutinized. If a little girl is playing with a truck and looks over and sees three girls playing with dolls, she may put the truck down and play with the dolls. Parents even respond to a child differently, based on their gender. Initially developed by Sigmund Freud between 1890 and 1930, the psychodynamic approach focuses on how our unconscious thoughts and drives influence our behaviour. The penis, or absence of, is the differentiating factor here, as the libido moves to the penis or clitoris in the Phallic stage. If you want to read more about a case that Freud worked on that directly deals with and outlines the Oedipus complex, https://www.simplypsychology.org/little-hans.html has a nice summary of the story of Little Hans. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. We must first base our theories on the assumption that gender identity is a cognitive concept, i.e., something occurring in our minds and not biologically determined or strictly behavioural. Kohlberg theorised that as children develop cognitive skills, their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. The two cognitive theories of development are the Kohlbergs theory (1966) and the gender schema theory (1981). Thompson found that the older children were able to correctly identify genders more often than the younger children, suggesting that this skill develops between these two age groups. Clarify Anxiety resulted in an individual developing interpersonal defense strategies (ways a person relates to others). In two studies, children had difficulty remembering nontraditional and opposite-sex stimuli even when given additional interpretations (e.g. The following link provides a nice summary of how the two genders move through the Phallic Stage: https://www.simplypsychology.org/Psychosexual%20Development.pdf . Social cognitive theories of gender development explain and theorize that development is dually influenced by (1) biology and (2) the environment. For example, boys preferred toys that an adult labeled as boy toys. As children watch and observe, they learn what behaviours are associated with the gender they identify with. what is a strength of the gender schema theory? (2022) The sexual brain, genes, and cognition: A machine-predicted brain sex score explains individual differences in cognitive intelligence and genetic influence in young children. Before then, lets be sure we have some important foundational knowledge of psychoanalytic theory. Peers are strong influences regarding gender and how children play. These infants are then raised as girls, but often become gender nonconforming. Lets answer some of those questions. View. Mothers modeled this behavior, and children later began to model the same behavior. He suggested that children begin to understand various complexities surrounding genders, such as how to identify the gender of others and the idea that gender is constant and does not change based on superficial factors such as clothing. Social learning theory says that we learn certain behaviours and social roles (i.e. The biological changes are discussed in Chapter 5. Lastly, socio-cognitive explanations propose that we have changed our environment, and that we have changed in the environment in which natural selection occurs. Social cognitive theory. Heck, you do not even have to read the question options. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. For example, Most girls dont like trucks. Essentially, parents provided extra commentary in the story, and that commentary tended to include vast generalizations about gender. there are studies that support the theory, such as a 1993 study by Liben and Signorella. If not, no worries, we are about to have a crash course to catch you up! In general, media tends to portray males as more direct, assertive, muscular, in authority roles, and employed, whereas women tend to be portrayed as dependent, emotional, low in status, in the home rather than employed, and their appearance is often a focus. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. It was theorized that ones psyche is impacted significantly by major and minor events, even in infancy. An environment that is unsafe and results in abuse, neglect, stressful family dynamics, etc. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. When testosterone is present, the male sex organs begin to develop, and the hypothalamus changes so that the brain is more inclined to male behaviours. This is important, because we know that the more children watch TV, the more gender stereotypical beliefs they hold (Durkin & Nugent, 1998; Kimball 1986). Why do we consider multiple approaches when trying to explain something in psychology? Other factors: Although there is strong evidence for a biological component to gender, other factors - such as cognitive factors and social learning - likely play a role as well. Developmentally, there arent many cognitive differences in the development of boys and girls. they learn the idea that gender is relatively constant that does not change based on superficial factors such as clothing. Children used gender schemas and gravitated to gender-normed toys. The biosocial approach (Money & Ehrhardt, 1972) is an interactionist approach where by nature and nurture both play a role in gender development. We begin to learn rules of how we are to act, what behavior is accepted and desired by others, what is not, etc. What do out-groups suggest about others not in the in-group? It does not explain why, Carol Martin and Charles Halverson developed the, Biological Influences on Gender Development, In the womb, around the eighth week of pregnancy, the presence of the hormone testosterone determines whether a baby is born with male or female genitalia. For example, people with a genetic condition known as Klinefelter's syndrome have the chromosomal pattern XXY, which results in different physical characteristics than typical males with an XY chromosome. He theorized that constancy happens first, which then allows for modeling to occur later (although the opposite is considered true in social cognitive theory). Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. This is because we do not just model behavior, we also monitor how others react to our behaviors. Parental expectations can have significant impacts on a childs own beliefs and outcomes including psychological adjustment, educational achievement, and financial success (Bvunzawabaya, 2017). Chapter 12 MC. This occurs due to varying levels of exposure to testosterone. Furthermore, 18-month-old babies associated bears, hammers, and trees with males. Psychologists have identified several theories of gender development that can help answer this question. The learning Theory states that "Traits and behaviors are not inborn- we learn them." (122) This means that we aren't born we knowing what traits and behaviors are for each gender, we learn them through our environment. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. Jun 2017. Outline potential strengths and weaknesses of these theories. Biological Psychological And Social Factors This book looks at causative reasons behind creative acts and stylistic expressions. Cognitive approaches to gender can be applied in nurseries to help children develop healthy gender identities and positive attitudes toward people with gender identities different from their own. Clarify cognitive theories of psychology and how they apply to gender. when are cognitive approaches considered to have begun? After an infant has been shown a gendered item (doll versus a truck) they will then stare at a photograph of the matching gender longer. Clarify how psychoanalysis relates to gender development. The most likely strategy, if there is no trainer/employee around to ask, is to watch what someone does on the machine. This approach assumes that we develop our gender identities around the age of five, which Freud calls the 'phallic stage', through specific crises he calls 'complexes'. We receive much of our information about gender from models in our environment (think about all the factors we just learned about parents, media, school, peers). Critics suggest that, although biology may play some role in gender identity development, the environmental and social factors are perhaps more powerful in most developmental areas, and gender identity development is no different. The GFP model serves as a guiding framework for research on gender in the family context, calling for the integration of biological, social, and cognitive factors. What is the difference in the cognitive development of boys and girls? The cognitive theory of gender development focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. It should be noted that the amount of rigidity to gender norms of the behavior being modeled is also important (Perry & Bussey, 1979). Thompson (1975) and Munroe et al. The reason it was finally taken off the market was because females were showing higher rates of cancer. Have all your study materials in one place. As such, she recognized that females may be limited due to this, which then leads to developing a masculinity complex. Psychoanalysis was one of the very first theories in psychology, and we have Sigmund Freud to thank for that. We do not really give infants a chance to develop their own preferences parents and the caregivers in their life do that for them, immediately. Social learning and cognitive theories suggest that because environmental and cultural cues help form gender self-conceptions and schemas, individuals with autism - who may be less receptive to such cues, or less accepting of gender constructs - may be more likely to experience gender variance. She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. 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