Hazelwood, You should not use dextroamphetamine if you are allergic to any stimulant medicine, or if you have: heart disease or coronary artery disease (hardened arteries); severe anxiety, tension, or agitation (stimulant medicine can make these symptoms worse); or. Tell your doctor if your child is not growing at a normal rate while using dextroamphetamine. There is no consistency. [22][154][155] Among this group, the most closely related compounds are phenethylamine, the parent compound of amphetamine, and N-methylphenethylamine, an isomer of amphetamine (i.e., it has an identical molecular formula). The combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine comes as an immediate-relase tablet (Adderall) and as an extended-release (long-acting) capsule (Adderall XR, Mydayis) to take by mouth. [sources 2] However, amphetamine pharmaceuticals are contraindicated in individuals with cardiovascular disease. [204][205] Vyvanse is marketed as once-a-day dosing as it provides a slow release of dextroamphetamine into the body. Mallinckrodt Announces Inclusion of Acthar Gel (Repository Corticotropin Injection) in New European Respiratory Society (ERS) Treatment Guidelines for Patients with Pulmonary Sarcoidosis Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. Lannett - these were much stronger than aurobindo. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using this medicine. Dextroamphetamine sulfate is the dextro isomer of the compound d,l-amphetamine sulfate, a sympathomimetic amine of the amphetamine group. [56][57][58] Amphetamine and other dopaminergic drugs also increase power output at fixed levels of perceived exertion by overriding a "safety switch", allowing the core temperature limit to increase in order to access a reserve capacity that is normally off-limits. Dextroamphetamine can affect growth in children. [33][32][34] Approximately 80% of those who use these stimulants see improvements in ADHD symptoms. 22 Jan '23. Amphetamine mixed salts immediate release tablet, Mallinckrodt, 30 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 00406-8894-01. [118], A 2018 systematic review and network meta-analysis of 50 trials involving 12 different psychosocial interventions for amphetamine, methamphetamine, or cocaine addiction found that combination therapy with both contingency management and community reinforcement approach had the highest efficacy (i.e., abstinence rate) and acceptability (i.e., lowest dropout rate). Adderall immediate release tablet, Teva, 10 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 57844-0110-01, Adderall immediate release tablet, Teva, 12.5 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 57844-0112-01, Adderall immediate release tablet, Teva, 15 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 57844-0115-01, Adderall immediate release tablet, Teva, 20 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 57844-0120-01, Adderall immediate release tablet, Teva, 30 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 57844-0130-01, Adderall immediate release tablet, Teva, 5 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 57844-0105-01, Adderall immediate release tablet, Teva, 7.5 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 57844-0117-01, Amphetamine mixed salts immediate release tablet, Mallinckrodt, 10 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 00406-8892-01, Amphetamine mixed salts immediate release tablet, Mallinckrodt, 15 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 00406-8885-01, Amphetamine mixed salts immediate release tablet, Mallinckrodt, 20 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 00406-8893-01, Amphetamine mixed salts immediate release tablet, Mallinckrodt, 30 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 00406-8894-01, Amphetamine mixed salts immediate release tablet, Mallinckrodt, 5 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 00406-8891-01, Amphetamine mixed salts immediate release tablet, Teva, 10 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 00555-0972-02, Amphetamine mixed salts immediate release tablet, Teva, 12.5 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 00555-0776-02, Amphetamine mixed salts immediate release tablet, Teva, 15 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 00555-0777-02, Amphetamine mixed salts immediate release tablet, Teva, 20 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 00555-0973-02, Amphetamine mixed salts immediate release tablet, Teva, 30 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 00555-0974-02, Amphetamine mixed salts immediate release tablet, Teva, 5 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 00555-0971-02. [80][138] According to the same review, there is at least one trial that shows antipsychotic medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one. [33][47][48] Based upon studies of self-reported illicit stimulant use, 535% of college students use diverted ADHD stimulants, which are primarily used for enhancement of academic performance rather than as recreational drugs. [99][101] While there are currently no effective drugs for treating amphetamine addiction, regularly engaging in sustained aerobic exercise appears to reduce the risk of developing such an addiction. Dexedrine tablets, introduced in 1937, is discontinued but available as Zenzedi and generically; Calculated by dextroamphetamine base percent / total amphetamine base percent = 47.49/62.57 = 75.90% from table: Amphetamine base in marketed amphetamine medications. According to one review, amphetamine can be prescribed to individuals with a history of abuse provided that appropriate medication controls are employed, such as requiring daily pick-ups of the medication from the prescribing physician. Prescribers and pharmacists have asked whether Adderall, a Schedule II amphetamine product, may be dispensed in a sixty day supply. This reflects a decrease . The amphetamine molecule exists as two enantiomers,[note 1] levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. A s it looks to emerge from bankruptcy, Mallinckrodt ( MNK) has agreed to sell an experimental medicine that until recently was being tested to treat a fatal genetic disorder. [12][158] Among these metabolites, the active sympathomimetics are 4-hydroxyamphetamine,[159] 4-hydroxynorephedrine,[160] and norephedrine. Aurobindo refuses to provide updated availability information. Brand names: Dexedrine Spansule, ProCentra, Zenzedi, Dexedrine, Dextrostat, Liquadd, Xelstrym [175] Internationally, it has been available under the names AmfeDyn (Italy), Curban (US), Obetrol (Switzerland), Simpamina (Italy), Dexedrine/GSK (US & Canada), Dexedrine/UCB (United Kingdom), Dextropa (Portugal), and Stild (Spain). In July 2010, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration met with Mallinckrodt PLC, informing the pharmaceutical company that the agency viewed it "as the . [71][61][72] Other potential physical side effects include appetite loss, blurred vision, dry mouth, excessive grinding of the teeth, nosebleed, profuse sweating, rhinitis medicamentosa (drug-induced nasal congestion), reduced seizure threshold, tics (a type of movement disorder), and weight loss. ", "Adderall XR- dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine sulfate and amphetamine aspartate capsule, extended release", "Commonly Abused Prescription Drugs Chart", "Stimulant ADHD Medications Methylphenidate and Amphetamines", "National Institute on Drug Abuse. Back to Drug Shortage Product Bulletins. [125][126] Olesen . [12][61] Conversely, an acidic pH means the drug is predominantly in a water-soluble cationic (salt) form, and less is absorbed. [178][179][180][181] The Tarnak Farm incident was linked by media reports to the use of this drug on long term fatigued pilots. [26][27][28], Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term continuous amphetamine use for the treatment of ADHD. of 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg under the brand name Dexedrine Spansule, with generic versions marketed by Barr and Mallinckrodt. [61][56], Dextroamphetamine is also used recreationally as a euphoriant and aphrodisiac, and like other amphetamines is used as a club drug for its energetic and euphoric high. 55. [53], Amphetamine stimulates the medullary respiratory centers, producing faster and deeper breaths. The Aerospace, Defence & Security Expo (ADSE) is back for a 12th edition in a brand-new location at the Westin Bayshore Vancouver on August 3 and 4, 2022. [133] Prolonged elevations of brain temperature above 40C likely promote the development of amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in laboratory animals by facilitating the production of reactive oxygen species, disrupting cellular protein function, and transiently increasing bloodbrain barrier permeability. The ADHD-related outcome domains with the greatest proportion of significantly improved outcomes from long-term continuous stimulant therapy include academics (55% of academic outcomes improved), driving (100% of driving outcomes improved), non-medical drug use (47% of addiction-related outcomes improved), obesity (65% of obesity-related outcomes improved), self-esteem (50% of self-esteem outcomes improved), and social function (67% of social function outcomes improved). Dextroamphetamine may be habit-forming, and this medicine is a drug of abuse. AnswerThePublic listens into autocomplete data from search engines like Google then quickly cranks out every useful phrase and question people are asking around mallinckrodt on 02 Jan. It's a goldmine of consumer insight you can use to create fresh, ultra-useful content, products and services. [153], Amphetamine has a very similar structure and function to the endogenous trace amines, which are naturally occurring neuromodulator molecules produced in the human body and brain. The remainder is levoamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine is used to treat narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The opioid alkaloids contained in opium extracts (e.g., codeine, morphine, thebaine) are used to synthesize many prescription narcotics (like morphine, codeine, oxycodone, etc.). [98][122] One review suggested that, based upon animal testing, pathological (addiction-inducing) psychostimulant use significantly reduces the level of intracellular magnesium throughout the brain. Dextroamphetamine, like other amphetamines, elicits its stimulating effects via several distinct actions: it inhibits or reverses the transporter proteins for the monoamine neurotransmitters (namely the serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine transporters) either via trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) or in a TAAR1 independent fashion when there are high cytosolic concentrations of the monoamine neurotransmitters[22] and it releases these neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles via vesicular monoamine transporter 2. They all act differently. [64] Chronic overuse of dextroamphetamine can lead to severe drug dependence, resulting in withdrawal symptoms when drug use stops. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. Fourth Quarter 2022 Financial Results 1. [85][100][110] Sufficiently overexpressing JunD in the nucleus accumbens with viral vectors can completely block many of the neural and behavioral alterations seen in chronic drug abuse (i.e., the alterations mediated by FosB). [101] One review noted that exercise may also prevent the development of a drug addiction by altering FosB or c-Fos immunoreactivity in the striatum or other parts of the reward system. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. [134][135] However, large doses of amphetamine may indirectly cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity as a result of hyperpyrexia, the excessive formation of reactive oxygen species, and increased autoxidation of dopamine. Stimulants have caused stroke, heart attack, and sudden death in certain people. Normally adderrall calms me down and helps. I got all the negative side effects, impulsiveness, being extremely irritable, snappy, and just plain mean some times, weight loss, amazing long term memory. In the presence of seizures, the drug should be discontinued. InChI=InChI=1S/C9H13N/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3/t8-/m0/s1, Pharmacodynamics of amphetamine in a dopamine neuron. 2009. [12] Approximately 20% of amphetamine circulating in the bloodstream is bound to plasma proteins. Generic dextroamphetamine is covered by most Medicare and insurance plans, but some pharmacy coupons or cash prices may be lower. Medical professionals, medical facility employees 855.571.2100. It is available in brand and generic versions. Dextroamphetamine may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. [101][115][116] These sexual addictions are associated with a dopamine dysregulation syndrome which occurs in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. Opium is not as common a drug of abuse in the United States as other opioids are, and . [29][30][31] Randomized controlled trials of continuous stimulant therapy for the treatment of ADHD spanning 2years have demonstrated treatment effectiveness and safety. Taking dextroamphetamine during pregnancy can cause premature birth, low birth weight, or withdrawal symptoms in the newborn baby. 800.422.0280. [23], Dextroamphetamine (the dextrorotary enantiomer) and levoamphetamine (the levorotary enantiomer) have identical pharmacodynamics, but their binding affinities to their biomolecular targets vary. An overdose of dextroamphetamine can be fatal. Transcription factors are proteins that increase or decrease the. Plan cuts $1.3 billion in debt. [102][104][sources 5], Chronic use of amphetamine at excessive doses causes alterations in gene expression in the mesocorticolimbic projection, which arise through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. [12] When urine pH is abnormal, the urinary recovery of amphetamine may range from a low of 1% to a high of 75%, depending mostly upon whether urine is too basic or acidic, respectively. [100][110][111] FosB also plays an important role in regulating behavioral responses to natural rewards, such as palatable food, sex, and exercise. [151][153] Dextroamphetamine is a more potent agonist of TAAR1 than levoamphetamine. [sources 5] Exercise leads to better treatment outcomes when used as an adjunct treatment, particularly for psychostimulant addictions. In particular, amphetamine may decrease the effects of sedatives and depressants and increase the effects of stimulants and antidepressants. You should not breast-feed while using this medicine. Amphetamine mixed salts immediate release tablet, Rhodes, 12.5 mg, bottle, 100 count, NDC 42858-0724-01. [61], Amphetamine has also been shown to produce a conditioned place preference in humans taking therapeutic doses,[39][83] meaning that individuals acquire a preference for spending time in places where they have previously used amphetamine. [12][162] The known metabolic pathways, detectable metabolites, and metabolizing enzymes in humans include the following: Racemic amphetamine was first synthesized under the chemical name "phenylisopropylamine" in Berlin, 1887 by the Romanian chemist Lazar Edeleanu. A bubblegum flavored oral solution is available under the brand name ProCentra, manufactured by FSC Pediatrics, which is designed to be an easier method of administration in children who have difficulty swallowing tablets, each 5 mL contains 5mg dextroamphetamine. [12] At normal urine pH, the half-lives of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine are 911hours and 1114hours, respectively. Selling or giving away this medicine is against the law. Dextroamphetamine Sustained-Release Capsules. [61][53][70] Sexual side effects in males may include erectile dysfunction, frequent erections, or prolonged erections. Any application of this information for any purpose shall be limited to personal, non-commercial use. [171] In the United States, Dexedrine was approved to treat narcolepsy and attention disorders. [35] Children with ADHD who use stimulant medications generally have better relationships with peers and family members, perform better in school, are less distractible and impulsive, and have longer attention spans. [61][53] In 2013, overdose on amphetamine, methamphetamine, and other compounds implicated in an "amphetamine use disorder" resulted in an estimated 3,788deaths worldwide (3,4254,145deaths, 95%confidence). If you are human user receiving this message, we can add your IP address to a set of IPs that can access FederalRegister.gov & eCFR.gov; complete the CAPTCHA (bot test) below and click "Request Access". The effects are permanent. Moxetumomab pasudotox-tdfk (Lumoxiti . Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. In individuals who experience sub-normal height and weight gains, a rebound to normal levels is expected to occur if stimulant therapy is briefly interrupted. [85][99][100] Once nucleus accumbens FosB is sufficiently overexpressed, it begins to increase the severity of addictive behavior (i.e., compulsive drug-seeking) with further increases in its expression. [22][154][156] In humans, phenethylamine is produced directly from L-phenylalanine by the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) enzyme, which converts L-DOPA into dopamine as well. Call your doctor at once if you have: signs of heart problems--chest pain, trouble breathing, feeling like you might pass out; signs of psychosis--hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not real), new behavior problems, aggression, hostility, paranoia; signs of circulation problems--numbness, pain, cold feeling, unexplained wounds, or skin color changes (pale, red, or blue appearance) in your fingers or toes; Seek medical attention right away if you have symptoms of serotonin syndrome, such as: agitation, hallucinations, fever, sweating, shivering, fast heart rate, muscle stiffness, twitching, loss of coordination, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. [139][140] Adderall contains equal amounts of four amphetamine salts:[139][140], Adderall has a total amphetamine base equivalence of 63%. [64] Recreational users sometimes open dexedrine capsules and crush the contents in order to insufflate it or subsequently dissolve it in water and inject it. I'm 30 yrs old and still have all the side effects, and haven't taken adderall in nearly 10 years. [12][139][140] Inhibitors of the enzymes that metabolize amphetamine (e.g., CYP2D6 and FMO3) will prolong its elimination half-life, meaning that its effects will last longer. Adderall, Vyvanse, methylphenidate, Concerta, Ritalin, Strattera, modafinil, amphetamine / dextroamphetamine. [sources 6], JunD, a transcription factor, and G9a, a histone methyltransferase enzyme, both oppose the function of FosB and inhibit increases in its expression. A 2014 report by Express Scripts found that in 2012 almost 4.8 million privately insured Americans had taken a drug to treat ADHD. The military did not accept this explanation, citing the lack of similar incidents. (Reuters) - Pharmaceutical company Mallinckrodt PLC on Thursday won court approval of its reorganization plan, which includes a $1.7 billion settlement of opioid . Not all possible interactions are listed here. [33][42] A systematic review from 2014 found that low doses of amphetamine also improve memory consolidation, in turn leading to improved recall of information. [154][156], The oral bioavailability of amphetamine varies with gastrointestinal pH;[61] it is well absorbed from the gut, and bioavailability is typically over75% for dextroamphetamine. [64] Injection into the bloodstream can be dangerous because insoluble fillers within the tablets can block small blood vessels. [172] Dextroamphetamine was marketed in various other forms in the following decades, primarily by Smith, Kline, and French, such as several combination medications including a mixture of dextroamphetamine and amobarbital (a barbiturate) sold under the tradename Dexamyl and, in the 1950s, an extended release capsule (the "Spansule"). Aug. 25, 2019 8:00 am ET. Products Affected - Description. Dextroamphetamine can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. Medications listed here may also be marketed under different names in different countries. Here is a summary of my experience with each. Mallinckrodt PLC and backers of its reorganization plan on Monday urged a bankruptcy judge to reject Rhode Island authorities' challenge to a $1.7 billion opioid settlement. The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. [3] In Canada indications once included epilepsy and parkinsonism. [106] Most of the research on gene regulation and addiction is based upon animal studies with intravenous amphetamine administration at very high doses. "Black Beauties" was the street name for a combination amphetamine capsule/tablet containing 10mg of amphetamine and 10mg of dextroamphetamine. For uniformity, molar masses were calculated using the Lenntech Molecular Weight Calculator, Amphetamine base percentage = molecular mass, dose = (1 / amphetamine base percentage) scaling factor = (molecular mass, Mickle, Travis et al. Rhode Island is . [66][61][67] These agencies indicate that people who have experienced allergic reactions to other stimulants or who are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) should not take amphetamine,[66][61][67] although safe concurrent use of amphetamine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors has been documented. Dextroamphetamine extended-release capsules are not for use in children younger than 6 years old. Dextroamphetamine is considered to have a high potential for misuse in a recreational manner since individuals typically report feeling euphoric, more alert, and more energetic after taking the drug. [177], The U.S. Air Force uses dextroamphetamine as one of its "go pills", given to pilots on long missions to help them remain focused and alert. Pharmaceutical dextroamphetamine sulfate is available as both a brand name and generic drug in a variety of dosage forms. Dextroamphetamine is the dextrorotatory, or 'right-handed', enantiomer and exhibits more pronounced effects on the central nervous system than levoamphetamine. [85][99][100] Once FosB is sufficiently overexpressed, it induces an addictive state that becomes increasingly more severe with further increases in FosB expression. Feb. 25, 2020. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. Do not use dextroamphetamine if you have used an MAO inhibitor in the past 14 days. According to a Cochrane review on withdrawal in individuals who compulsively use amphetamine and methamphetamine, "when chronic heavy users abruptly discontinue amphetamine use, many report a time-limited withdrawal syndrome that occurs within 24hours of their last dose. McKesson Shop Products Shop by Category Manufacturer Diversity . Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, the largest generic opioid manufacturer in the United States, has tentatively agreed to pay $1.6 billion to settle thousands of lawsuits brought by . Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 5 Feb 2023), Cerner Multum (updated 22 Feb 2023), ASHP (updated 12 Feb 2023) and others. [106], As of December 2019,[update] there is no effective pharmacotherapy for amphetamine addiction. [198] The conversion rate between dextroamphetamine sulfate to amphetamine free base is .728. It quickly became apparent that dextroamphetamine and other amphetamines had a high potential for misuse, although they were not heavily controlled until 1970, when the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act was passed by the United States Congress. The immediate-release tablet (Adderall) is usually taken 2 to 3 times daily, 4 to 6 hours apart, with or without food. Copyright 1996-2023 Cerner Multum, Inc. I thought Aurobindo was the best until I stumbled accross Teva. Available for Android and iOS devices. Dextroamphetamine Sulfate 10 mg Capsule Bottle 100 Capsules CII Mallinckrodt 00406896101. Generic name: dextroamphetamine [DEX-tro-am-FET-a-meen] To make sure this medicine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you or anyone in your family has ever had: depression, mental illness, bipolar disorder, psychosis, or suicidal thoughts or actions; motor tics (muscle twitches) or Tourette's syndrome; blood circulation problems in the hands or feet. Follow all directions on your prescription label. [71][67][128] The severity of overdose symptoms increases with dosage and decreases with drug tolerance to amphetamine. The conversion rate between lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse) to dextroamphetamine base is 29.5%. Mallinckrodt's net sales in the fourth quarter 2022 were $489.3 million, as compared to $597.2 million in the fourth quarter 2021. [44] Therapeutic doses of amphetamine also enhance cortical network efficiency, an effect which mediates improvements in working memory in all individuals. [52][56][57] Amphetamine improves endurance and reaction time primarily through reuptake inhibition and release of dopamine in the central nervous system. [68][69] These agencies also state that anyone with anorexia nervosa, bipolar disorder, depression, hypertension, liver or kidney problems, mania, psychosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, seizures, thyroid problems, tics, or Tourette syndrome should monitor their symptoms while taking amphetamine. Dextroamphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant. Long-term amphetamine exposure at sufficiently high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal dopamine system development or nerve damage,[24][25] but in some cases with humans with ADHD, pharmaceutical amphetamines at therapeutic dosages may improve brain development and nerve growth. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. [67] Symptoms of a moderate and extremely large overdose are listed below; fatal amphetamine poisoning usually also involves convulsions and coma. Dextroamphetamine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and an amphetamine enantiomer[note 1] that is prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. [sources 3], At normal therapeutic doses, the most common psychological side effects of amphetamine include increased alertness, apprehension, concentration, initiative, self-confidence and sociability, mood swings (elated mood followed by mildly depressed mood), insomnia or wakefulness, and decreased sense of fatigue. Dextroamphetamine is liberated from lisdexamfetamine enzymatically following contact with red blood cells. It was not widely marketed until 1932, when the pharmaceutical company Smith, Kline & French (now known as GlaxoSmithKline) introduced it in the form of the Benzedrine inhaler for use as a bronchodilator. [30] Another review indicated that, based upon the longest follow-up studies conducted to date, lifetime stimulant therapy that begins during childhood is continuously effective for controlling ADHD symptoms and reduces the risk of developing a substance use disorder as an adult. Discontinued Drugs. [note 16]. [179], Dextroamphetamine is available as a transdermal patch containing dextroamphetamine base under the brand name Xelstrym. Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror images of one another; they are structurally identical, but of the opposite orientation. The statements supported by the USFDA come from prescribing information, which is the copyrighted intellectual property of the manufacturer and approved by the USFDA. [106] The few studies that have used equivalent (weight-adjusted) human therapeutic doses and oral administration show that these changes, if they occur, are relatively minor. Lannett Co., Inc.'s, dextroamphetamine sulfate 15-mg tablets are currently listed in the "Discontinued Drug Product List" section of the Orange Book. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [29], Current models of ADHD suggest that it is associated with functional impairments in some of the brain's neurotransmitter systems;[32] these functional impairments involve impaired dopamine neurotransmission in the mesocorticolimbic projection and norepinephrine neurotransmission in the noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus to the prefrontal cortex. MO 63042Phone: (800) 325-8888Website: https://www.mallinckrodt.com/Careers: www.mallinckrodt.com/careersPatient Assistance Program: www.mallinckrodt.com/products/brands Mallinckrodt Inc. manufactures, markets and/or distributes more than 30 drugs in the United States. And the absolute BEST brand is Mallinckrodt. Stimulants have caused stroke, heart attack, and sudden death in people with high blood pressure, heart disease, or a heart defect.