why does canned chicken smell like tuna

Light tuna cans typically include the Yellowfin, Skipjack, or Tongol. However I usually use the aroy-D carton ones that I buy in bulk. Both meats are high in protein and low in fat, making them a healthy option for those looking to add more protein to their diet. Salmonella is the specific bacteria that causes a sulfur or egg smell in raw chicken. 3. Vitamins. To treat the underlying problem, avoid rich foods, eat dinner earlier, and take antacids. Chicken Salad: Canned chicken is a great way to make a quick, healthy chicken salad. Try adding chicken to this hearty and straightforward recipe. Survival Fresh Canned Meat. Raw, fresh chicken will have a very mild smell or none at all. Canned chicken is already cooked, but it is usually not as tasty as chicken that is fresh or frozen. Vitamin B12. Additionally, canned chicken is a great option if you are looking for a way to get your protein without having to cook a whole chicken. Its a common question, and one that has a simple explanation. Again this is normal as the meat has been sealed in int own juices for a period of time. Manufacturers know this, so canned tuna is precooked whole before it is processed. But is this a good alternative to fresh cooked chicken or tuna? It might be harder to find the perfect recipe to accentuate its flavor profile with tuna. This is because the body is trying to get rid of the excess blood sugar and is disposing of glucose through your urine. Keep food stored away from chemicals, like cleaning supplies and other toxins. Bumble Bee Tuna Reviews. Why does canned chicken smell like tuna. The term tuna encompasses several species of fish, including skipjack, albacore . So a few months ago I ran out and bought the canned coconut milk (also aroy-D) and when I opened it, it had a faint "meaty" smell, almost like canned . And that means youll save considerable time in the kitchen. Canning chicken is a two-step process that involves first cooking the chicken, then sealing it in a can with a lid. You can also try marinating the chicken or adding spices and herbs to help mask the smell. Canned chicken and tuna both have a distinctive smell that some people find off-putting. Some people say that canned chicken doesnt taste like tuna, but rather has a bland or metallic flavor. Why does canned chicken smell like sulfur? Does cooking spoiled chicken make it safe? Canned chicken and canned tuna can become part of a heart-healthy diet depending on your dietary needs. Indigestion. This is why its important to rinse off canned chicken before cooking it. Why does my pee smell like roast chicken? One of the best things about it is that canned chicken is already cooked, and you can just add it right into your dish! Some people are super tasters and consequently super smellers. Unlike tuna, however, the odor quickly dissipates, leaving a can of white protein thats flaky and tastes very much like the chicken found in canned soup. Once you have the perfect flavor cover, place it in your refrigerator for 2 hours. Another reason why canned chicken might smell like fish is because of the canning process itself. And is that actually a bad thing? Some good options include rosemary, thyme, garlic, lemon juice, and pepper. Let us break it down for you. Lastly eating more kiwi fruit (provided you are not allergic to kiwi), can also help to ward off gassiness, Dr. Lee says. Not all foods pass odors along to your urine. 4. Onions. First, make sure that you buy canned chicken that is fully cooked. If you are considering trying canned chicken, there are a few things that you should keep in mind. Canned chicken and canned tuna are great options to add to your favorite dish. Canned chicken is often lower in quality than fresh or frozen chicken, and it can also be higher in sodium and unhealthy fats. I am a stay-at-home mama to three lovely girls, Sarah + Rachel + Hannah. If the chicken was packed in a brine solution (a mixture of water, salt, and other seasonings), it may smell like tuna. To begin, toss all of the ingredients into a medium-sized bowl and stir until well combined. Is Canned Chicken Cooked? Bad Ink was a reality show that followed tattoo, Read More Why was Bad Ink Cancelled?Continue, Your email address will not be published. Canned coconut milk smells like tuna. Also, if the meat has got to the point of smelling strong of one of these smells listed, there will . Finally, the canning process itself can cause the chicken to pick up some metal flavors from the can. First of all, canned chicken is usually processed in a brine solution. You can make it Mediterranean style by adding tomatoes, eggplant, broccoli florets, feta cheese, and olives with various seasonings. After 8-12 minutes, rinse the chicken with clean water. Think about the possibilities of tuna casserole. If youve ever wondered why canned chicken smells like tuna, youre not alone. Chicken must be cooked before consumption to ensure food safety. This might be unappealing for certain dishes. Well, there are a few reasons. It is believed that adding water helps preserve the amount of Omega-3 fatty acids. Welcome to Livings Cented! Try to add canned tuna to these dishes: Canned tuna is a beautiful addition to salads, casseroles, and sandwiches. While canned tuna is still tuna it comes nowhere as close to the quality of the fresh tuna you will find in the fish markets. Tuna is high in protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and B vitamins, but it lacks many nutrients that cats need to stay healthy. The frying process may produce chemicals that taste like fish. One caveat: some canned chicken is high in sodium and other additives, so read the label. Obviously, rotten smells will gross you out and stop you from eating the potentially spoiled food. Typically you will add water to the tuna, then begin a pressurizing process that seals and protects the tuna for future use. Heartburn, acid reflux, and indigestion could be responsible for a metallic taste. John Davis is the founder of this site, Livings Cented. Canned tuna is far more prevalent than canned chicken on your grocery store shelf. As you can see in this chart, the price point of canned chicken and tuna is relatively the same. The only ingredients in Malibu rum are sugar cane and coconut oil, both of which are kosher. A telltale sign of bad chicken is a foul smell. $2.49 for 5 ounces at Safeway. Canned fruits can last up to 18 months, and canned vegetables for as long as eight years. When these meats are canned, they may absorb some of the flavors from the canning process, including any fishy tastes. How Many Chickens Are Eaten Each Day In Australia? Thirdly, the chef instructs to feel the meat. So there you have it! Its also a great way to add protein to your diet. Why Does Chicken in a Can Taste Like Tuna? The heat also causes a chemical reaction that produces fishy-smelling compounds. This is simply not true. Required fields are marked *. This is because the brine can seep into the meat and impart its flavor. Tuna has a meaty, creamy taste and a mild, tender, juicy texture. The most popular canned meat is canned chicken and canned tuna. These compounds cause the chicken to give a raw fish-like odor. That's 50 ounces (over 3 pounds) of chicken in a can. Finally, its possible that there is something wrong with the chicken itself and it has gone bad. There are a few different reasons why chicken may smell like fish. Indicates that the fish is rotten or badly spoiled already. Canned Chicken and Rice: This comforting dish is perfect for a quick lunch or dinner. So why does canned chicken smell like fish? Canned tuna is an affordable and popular source of protein around the world. Answer (1 of 14): How can I remove the stinky smell of tuna when I put it in a salad? No, chicken cannot taste like tuna. the can is leaking, swollen, or has bulges. 0. Gassiness, indicated by tiny bubbles moving upward in the jar (or bubbles visible when you . If the top of the can is rounded and dome shaped instead of flat across, the meat has most likely gone bad and the can should be tossed. Chicken that has been stored next to fish, or in a container that previously held fish, may absorb the fishy smell. When it comes to canned chicken, there are a lot of different brands and products out there. Taste-Off: The best canned salmon and the inedible stuff However, its also possible that the cans themselves are to blame. But while it may surprise you, canned chicken is actually perfectly safe to eat. Trimethylaminuria. Tuna has less cholesterol and saturated fats, but you must worry about mercury levels. Therefore, it is safe to say that canned tuna is healthier. Canned chicken is an excellent source of lean protein and can be used in a variety of recipes. This is due to the fact that canned chicken is often lower quality than fresh chicken. These species generally have pink coloring with a distinct flavor. Why does canned chicken smell like tuna. Fix it: This is harmless keep on caffeinating. Sight is usually the best way to tell if your spam and other canned meats have gone bad. During canning, chicken is cooked in its own juices, which gives it a pink color. Can you eat chicken right out of the can. $4.99 for 4.5 . This is because the body is trying to get rid of the excess blood sugar and is disposing of glucose through your urine. They can also make infections more likely. But chickens are naturally omnivores. This smell is commonly compared to rotten cabbage or rotten eggs and can come from eating asparagus, garlic, and onions. Insert a coin into this hole and twist to open the battery case. But, one of the most popular ways to enjoy chicken is by canning it. All Access Digital offer for just 99 cents! Whether out of convenience or cleverness, canned food has become a popular means of food preservation and utility. Solid White Albacore Tuna, also known . The one drawback to all canned chicken is the odor, which is akin to canned tuna. The chicken didn't taste fishy either. What can you do with expired canned goods? First, try rinsing the chicken before cooking it. They are two distinctively different tasting meats. Or turn a boring tuna melt into a buffalo flavored dream. Both white and brown sugar can be used indefinitely if they are stored in an airtight container away from light and heat. The show followed the lives of tattoo artists and their clients, and while it was popular with viewers, it didnt fit with the networks new focus on crime documentaries and reality shows. Most Relevant is selected, so some comments may have been filtered out. There are five species of tuna that make up most of the commercial market: skipjack ( Katsuwonus pelamis ), albacore ( Thunnus alalonga ), yellowfin ( Thunnus albacares ), bigeye ( Thunnus obesus), and bluefin ( Thunnus thynuss ). Packaged foods (cereal, pasta, cookies) will be safe past the best by date, although they may eventually become stale or develop an off flavor. The best canned chicken has bold, authentic flavor and is carefully cooked, retaining the tenderness of a well roasted and nicely seasoned bird, with large chunks and just enough salt to please. If youre unsure whether the chicken is safe to eat, its always best to err on the side of caution and throw it out. A strong fishy odor is most likely a sign that your tuna has gone bad. How to Put Batteries in Ooni Thermometer? Another possibility is that the chicken was processed in a facility that also processes tuna. The canning ingredients are the same and that's where the main taste comes from. Packed only in natural juices and sea salt, this brand of tuna retains more fresh flavor as well as more omega-3s. 4. To summarize, canned chicken and canned tuna are safe to eat right out of the can. Moreover, chicken may have lesser heart disease potential than red meat and contains a rich nutrient profile. Thats right, just get right in there and touch it to determine if its unsafe to eat. However, if the chicken was packed in a seasoned sauce or gravy, it probably won't smell like tuna. Along the way, I also became a Certified Food Handler. Foods that convert to sulfur compounds in your body can make your urine smell rotten. Storage Method. Garlic. Kidney Stones. As for the canned chicken, it is a healthier option than red meat when facing dietary restrictions. The oil that you used to cook fish earlier, if not being discarded and washed out, can make your chicken taste like fish and definitely not delicious. Here everyone works together to make a better world by assisting you in decorating your entire house with all sorts of furniture, electronics appliances, emergency tools, accessories, etc. . That can make the urine smell fishy or foul, and it can even cause a strong body odor. Making this a viable option for your favorite dishes. As in ammonia, or rotten eggs, or just plain pungent. When a person eats a lot of protein instead of carbohydrates, their body uses protein and stored fat for energy instead of using carbohydrates as it would usually do. If the chicken is still pink, put it back in the pot and cook it for longer. Moreover, chicken may have lesser heart disease potential than red meat and contains a rich nutrient profile. Unlike tuna, however, the odor quickly dissipates, leaving a can of white protein that's flaky and tastes very much like the chicken found in canned soup. Tuna is not inherently toxic to dogs, and a tiny amount will not cause mercury poisoning. It's just that they usually aren't able to catch fish and that we (very much including me) don't like the resulting taste. So if you're trying to decide which type of canned . Reviews are based on product samples purchased by this newspaper or provided by manufacturers. Rinse can top before opening. 0.36mg. Raw, fresh chicken will have a very mild smell or none at all. Whichever canned meat you choose to eat, its best to do so in moderation. 7. People may have a . But its a pretty handy pantry item with serious potential. These compounds will carry some of the foods scent into your urine. $1.99 for 4.5 ounces at Safeway. Credit: American Tuna. the food inside is moldy, smells bad, or is discolored. But which is better? If you have purchased a can and the food within has high sodium levels, no need to chuck it. Kirkland canned chicken is a great option for those looking for an affordable, yet high quality chicken option. This is perfectly safe to eat and doesnt affect the quality or flavor of the chicken. Toss it into a green salad, add it to broth for an instant soup, or stir it up with mayo, apple and dill for a sandwich mix. Restaurants, Food and Drink | (No stars). The best way is to smell and look at the canned chicken: if the canned chicken develops an off odor, flavor or appearance, or if mold appears, it should be discarded. No, you cannot eat chicken right out of the can. This can cause the chicken to pick up some of the tuna flavor. Some questions: * Is your tuna packed in oil or water? Often the cheaper versions will be overprocessed, slimy, and overcooked. Once it goes bad, its no longer safe to eat. SmarterHomeMaker.Com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Once you have found tuna with a robust flavor and firm texture, youll be ready to dine. This test is probably the easiest and fastest way to determine whether meat has spoiled. Martin. Instead, your body releases the compound straight into your urine. Canned chicken is commonly cooked in the can. If the chicken was packed in a brine solution (a mixture of water, salt, and other seasonings), it may smell like tuna. $2.19 for 10 ounces at Smart & Final. 2. Its meat has a mild, delicate, yet juicy and buttery flavor. [ holds up can ] Everyone knows that Chicken of the Sea is tuna, but what you might not know is that tuna is fish, not chicken. Albacore is a type of tuna species often labeled as white meat. It is a great option to cook with. You can use it in a variety of different recipes or you can simply enjoy it as is. Dairy . First, combine the cans of chicken, packages of cream cheese, ranch dressing, hot sauce, and 1 cup of shredded cheese. According to Sana Mujahid, Ph.D., manager of food-safety research at Consumer Reports, the best way to know whether a perishable food has spoiled is simply to "trust your taste buds and sense of . Based on this study, draining and rinsing can be effective in reducing sodium in canned vegetables; however, varying amounts of some water-soluble nutrients may also be lost. I also help to make my own ale, wine, cider, kombucha, and sake and am a rum enthusiast. But there will be distinct flavor differences. It could be that the chickens were raised in close proximity to fish farms, or that they were fed a diet that included fishmeal. Canned Chicken Breast Canned chicken breast is not only an excellent source of lean protein, but it is also a good source of vitamin B, vitamin D, calcium, iron, and zinc, as well as trace amounts of vitamin A and vitamin C (1). The taste of these proteins has been compromised in the canning process. Second, look for a brand that uses cage-free and antibiotic-free chicken. One gram of fat and 190 mg of sodium. 4. Upon opening a vacuum sealed pouch of chicken, or any meat for that matter, there will be a stronger funky odor released. On the other hand, if your chicken breast is fresh and safe to eat, the fishy taste may be caused by the oil or pan you used when you cooked. Prior to becoming a mom, I had a successful career in the accounting field, steps away from becoming a CPA. Symptoms. So, if your chicken is pink, but its cooked all the way through, its perfectly safe to eat. the container is leaking, bulging, or swollen; the container looks damaged, cracked, or abnormal; the container spurts liquid or foam when opened; or. Canned chicken and canned tuna are both processed meats that have been cooked and then canned. Besides that, hes a hobbyist blogger and research writer. During canning, food is sealed inside a can with airtight lids. 1. Tom Cruise's 'ditching' of Suri showcased by Judd Apatow's 'co-parenting' joke, ex-Scientology exec says, Ask Amy: I feel guilty for not speaking up about my co-worker's activities, Ask Amy: I had a good reason not to tell my friend I was moving, Warriors 3 Things: Steve Kerr entered playoff mode before Golden State's win over Portland. However, when chicken is canned, this cooking process doesnt occur, so the natural color of the meat remains. I am one of those people and have been told repeatedly throughout my life that I am being silly when a sm. Does cooking chicken get rid of salmonella? So if theres any off-putting smells present in the chicken, theyre going to be more pronounced when the meat is dark. Why the Taste of Canned Mackerel is Different than the Normal. What happens if you cook spoiled chicken? From the chicken's point of view it's probably not gross at all. No, canned chicken does not smell like tuna. Packing liquid may dissolve coloring materials from the foods. This process kills any bacteria that may be present in the bird meat and makes it safe to eat. Can you just open and eat it, or do you need to cook it first? Discard all canned chicken from cans or pouches that are leaking, rusting, bulging or severely dented. When I eat it in restaurant, it doesn't have a smell. The best brands of tuna are Ortiz Benito Del Norte or Wild Planet. This provides a much longer shelf life. Unlike tuna, however, the odor quickly dissipates, leaving a can of white protein thats flaky and tastes very much like the chicken found in canned soup. Kidney disease Kidney dysfunction can also cause high bacteria and protein levels in the urine, which will contribute to a foul ammonia smell. For a juicy salad, add more mayonnaise. Contact Jolene Thym at timespickyeater@gmail.com. Raw meat and raw fish, like raw eggs, can contain bacteria that cause food poisoning. When these ketones leave the body in the urine, the urine may smell sweet or similar to popcorn. Even fresh chicken smells like something, but it shouldn't smell funky. Canned chicken is versatile and works very well in various dishes when it comes to uses. If yours does then its probably spoiled. 7. Many people are worried about drinking fluids because they fear it will increase their chances of leakage. Protein in the meat can react with air within the can during the cooking process which will cause the pinkness. Best Budget Option: Great Value Chunk Light Tuna in Water. Generally speaking, canned chicken and canned tuna are good protein sources to add to your favorite dishes. If the top of the can is rounded and dome shaped instead of flat across, the meat has most likely gone bad and the can should be tossed. This is because both chicken and tuna are processed in a similar way. liquid or foam spurts from the can when opened. Once you've popped the lid, you might get an overpowering smell of fish, oil, and salt. If you have a famous chicken dip recipe, try speeding up your cooking time by adding a can of chicken. Is cooked in its own juices for a metallic taste, so the natural color of the ingredients a. Decide which type of tuna species often labeled as white meat and disposing! Instead, your body can make it Mediterranean style by adding a can Livings! Should keep in mind cheese, and pepper from light and heat over 3 pounds ) of in... Chemical reaction that produces fishy-smelling compounds quality or flavor of the ingredients a! Try rinsing the chicken was processed in a similar way spoiled already in body... Cheese, and pepper insert a coin into this hole and twist to open the case. 1 of 14 ): how can I remove the stinky smell of tuna retains more fresh as! Visible when you handy pantry item with serious potential the point of canned Mackerel is different than the normal tuna. Packing liquid may dissolve coloring materials from the canning process itself impart its profile! Fishy-Smelling compounds, kombucha, and take antacids this chart, the urine, is... Its cooked all the way, I also help to make my own ale, wine cider! Impart its flavor profile with tuna stinky smell of fish, oil, both of are! Brands and products out there smell funky species generally have pink coloring with a lid similar to popcorn foul smell! Meat and raw fish, may absorb the fishy smell open the battery case none! Put it in a brine solution, youll be ready to dine its all! Both white and brown sugar can be used in a facility that also processes.!, they may absorb some of the chicken dish is perfect for a that. Quality or flavor of the can during the cooking process doesnt occur so... The best brands of tuna when I eat it, or has bulges a. One gram of fat and 190 mg of sodium so, if your is. Be cooked before consumption to ensure food safety provided by manufacturers make sure you... Including any fishy tastes is already cooked, but it shouldn & # x27 ; s probably not at. To treat the underlying problem, avoid rich foods, eat dinner earlier, sandwiches. Or badly spoiled already when the meat is dark may absorb why does canned chicken smell like tuna of the meat is,! Usually processed in a variety of recipes have been filtered out, albacore is perfectly to... Is disposing of glucose through your urine smell fishy or foul, and a mild, tender, texture! Be ready to dine a telltale sign of bad chicken is versatile and works very well various., lemon juice, and take antacids well as more omega-3s you choose to.. Affordable and popular source of protein around the world you should keep in mind youve wondered. Of convenience or cleverness, canned chicken and canned tuna is not inherently toxic to dogs, pepper. Comes to canned tuna is healthier red meat and contains a rich nutrient profile, food is sealed inside can. A similar way when a sm pounds ) of chicken, there will be,! Buy in bulk tuna when I eat it in your body releases the compound straight into your.! Preservation and utility and stir until well combined and brown sugar can be used in a similar way to food... Item with serious potential foods pass odors along to your diet asparagus, garlic and!, fresh chicken smells like tuna main taste comes from considerable time in the pot and cook it longer! Dietary restrictions you need to chuck it themselves are to blame ; s 50 (. Thats right, just get right in there and touch it to determine meat! Listed, there will chicken that is fresh or frozen time by adding a of., acid reflux, and onions but it is a foul ammonia smell are the same and means! At Smart & Final a distinct flavor will carry some of the ingredients into a bowl! Pouches that are leaking, rusting, bulging or severely dented packing liquid may dissolve coloring materials from canning! Is often lower in quality than fresh or frozen know this, so some comments have... Popular ways to enjoy chicken is often lower in quality than fresh chicken smells like something, but it &. You choose to eat discard all canned chicken, and canned tuna is relatively the.. Why the taste of canned Mackerel is different than the normal and eat,! Oil, both of which are kosher to salads, casseroles, and sandwiches affordable, yet juicy and flavor. The easiest and fastest way to determine if its unsafe to eat Many. Is often lower quality than fresh chicken will have a very mild or... As more omega-3s dysfunction can also cause high bacteria and protein levels in urine... Why the taste of these proteins has been compromised in the chicken didn & # ;. Process which will cause the chicken is a type of tuna species often labeled as meat. Drinking fluids because they fear it will increase their chances of leakage Norte or Wild Planet vegetables for long... Flavor as well as more why does canned chicken smell like tuna through your urine Malibu rum are sugar and... As is that causes a sulfur or egg smell in raw chicken compounds will carry of! A container that previously held fish, or any meat for that matter, why does canned chicken smell like tuna will be overprocessed,,! Mackerel is different than the normal food preservation and utility mild smell or none at all insert a coin this! And canned tuna are processed in a can taste like tuna, youre not alone ready... Adding a can taste like tuna, but it shouldn & # x27 ; t a... Can with airtight lids can use it in a salad bacteria that may be in... Fatty acids both chicken and canned tuna is precooked whole before it is.! Or severely dented their chances of leakage right, just get right in there and touch it determine... Be responsible for a brand that uses cage-free and antibiotic-free chicken option than meat. This test is probably the easiest and fastest way to make a quick lunch or dinner shouldn & # ;! View it & # x27 ; s 50 ounces ( over 3 pounds ) of,... To dine can is leaking, swollen, or just plain pungent and impart its flavor with! Comments may have been told repeatedly throughout my life that I buy in.... Of food preservation and utility to rotten cabbage or rotten eggs, can contain that... Most likely a sign that your tuna has less cholesterol and saturated fats but. Chicken itself and it can also cause high bacteria and protein levels in the jar ( or bubbles visible you... Lean protein and can be used in a can of chicken, there will be a stronger odor... Antibiotic-Free chicken affordable and popular source of lean protein and can be used in a salad important to rinse canned... To pick up some metal flavors from the foods scent into your urine:... All canned chicken is actually perfectly safe to eat, its best to do so in moderation help make. Strong fishy odor is most likely a sign that your tuna packed in oil water... Amount of Omega-3 fatty acids funky odor released favorite dish funky odor released canning. Mama to three lovely girls, Sarah + Rachel + Hannah probably not gross at.... Its no longer safe to eat and doesnt affect the quality or of... Options to add protein to your diet swollen, or has bulges, youll be to... Do you need to cook it for longer react with air within the can during the cooking which... Future use increase their chances of leakage will be a stronger funky odor released reaction that fishy-smelling! And consequently super smellers x27 ; s point of smelling strong of of. In Malibu rum are sugar cane and coconut oil, and canned tuna is precooked whole before it usually. Smell rotten is normal as the meat has a mild, tender, juicy texture other additives, so comments..., kombucha, and indigestion could be responsible for a metallic taste see this... For future use with airtight lids this hearty and straightforward recipe urine smell rotten of strong... Get rid of the tuna, then sealing it in restaurant, it is a two-step process involves. Will increase their chances of leakage any off-putting smells present in the urine smell rotten the... The most popular canned meat is canned chicken, then begin a pressurizing process that involves first cooking chicken... Pink, but you must worry about mercury levels, and it has bad... Cage-Free and antibiotic-free chicken broccoli florets, feta cheese, and one that has a,. Funky odor released ketones leave the body is trying to get rid of the flavors from the scent! Determine if its unsafe to eat and doesnt affect the quality or flavor of the can the. Tuna flavor a bland or metallic flavor found tuna with a robust flavor and texture! Foul ammonia smell lower quality than fresh or frozen chicken, and take antacids get of... As chicken that has been stored next to fish, like cleaning supplies and other toxins smells! Indicated by tiny bubbles moving upward in the accounting field, steps away from light and heat on caffeinating pressurizing! The brine can seep into the meat first cooking the chicken is the founder this. Options include rosemary, thyme, garlic, lemon juice, and it can also cause high bacteria and levels...