Partially sighted: Used most often in British publications for those not legally or completely blind but less acceptable in the U.S. Visually impaired: Similar to the term . Remember that some in the autism community object to the term. Genetic disorders can be caused by a mutation in one gene (monogenic disorder), by mutations in multiple genes (multifactorial inheritance disorder), by a combination of gene mutations and environmental factors, or by damage to chromosomes (changes in the number or structure of entire chromosomes, the structures that carry genes).. Background: The literal translation of spina bifida is split spine, according to the Spina Bifida Association . See also Bipolar disorder and Mental illness/mental disorder, Background: The Centers for Disease Control defines developmental disabilities as a group of conditions (that arise) due to an impairment in physical, learning, language or behavior areas. Hearing loss can be due to a wide array of things, including: malformation of the ear. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid using these terms when describing a person with a disability or the programs designed to serve them, with the exception of government references or formal names of organizations and programs. The appropriateness of the terms is disputed by those within and outside of the organization. You also may want to provide a more detailed description of the disability. OCD may present as a fear of contamination, disarray or intrusion, according to the Mayo Clinic. Background: Non-disabled refers to someone who does not have a disability. With identity-first language, the disability is mentioned first. Spastic cerebral palsy is a common type of cerebral palsy in which the movements of people with the disorder appear stiff and jerky. Background: According to the University of Kansas Research & Training Center on Independent Living, disfigurement refers to physical changes caused by burns, trauma, disease or congenital conditions.. Many feel that its never appropriate to use homebound or housebound.. NCDJ Recommendation: Someone with an amputation is generally acceptable. AP Style: The only reference relates to hyphenation. Certain communities, such as the Muscular Dystrophy community and the Spinal Muscular Atrophy community, have embraced the term, but others argue that interabled relationships are relationships just like any other and should not be marked as different. A seizure that lasts longer than five minutes is a medical emergency. But not all people who appear to haveseizures haveepilepsy, a group of related disorders characterized by a tendency for recurrentseizures., NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having epilepsy only if the information is relevant to the story and if youre confident there is a medical diagnosis. It does not involve split personalities. Use of the word dwarf is considered acceptable when referring to the genetic condition, but it is often considered offensive when used in a non-medical sense. The Center states that addiction differs from dependence. For example, a person may be able to describe having low central or peripheral vision. In common usage, psychotic often is used in the same way as the word crazy, and thus can be offensive and inaccurate. (There are physical considerations that rule out cochlear implants for some.). If thats not possible, ask a spokesperson for the organization representing the relevant disability for preferred terminology. Background: Disabilities often are referred to in terms of impairment, as in hearing impairment or visually impaired. Such terms are widely used in medical and governmental contexts as well as by disability advocacy organizations and the general public. NCDJ Recommendation: It is preferable to use a medical professionals diagnosis or, if that is not possible, terms such as comatose or non-responsive. Avoid referring to someone as a vegetable or veg as such words dehumanize the person. The technique was originally developed to help those with significant developmental disabilities, such as some forms of autism and cerebral palsy. NCDJ Recommendation: It is acceptable to describe a person as someone with spina bifida, followed by a short explanation of what their condition entails if it is pertinent to the story. Its traced to religion in 1636 (he to his long retarded Wrath gives wings); to medicine in 1785 (Polypus, sometimes obstructs the vagina, and gives retarded labour); and later to politics (Arguably, the legacy of communism manifests itself most acutely in the retarded economic development of the east). A birth defect is a physical or biochemical difference that is present at birth. Inability to speak louder than a whisper or speaking too loudly. Triggers can be hard to predict, and they vary from individual to individual, but communicating the nature of your content builds audience trust. But according to deafblind.com, in 1991, some began to advocate changing the acceptable terminology from deaf-blind to deafblind as a more general term that allows for the possibility that an individual may have additional disabilities. The term special education is still widely used when referring to public school programs, although some government entities use titles like exceptional student services.. It is considered highly derogatory to describe someone with Down syndrome as being mongoloid.. When referring to a drug test, state that the person tested positive for (drug)., NCDJ Recommendation: Addiction is an acceptable term, although some prefer substance abuse disorder. It is preferable to refer to someone who harmfully uses drugs as someone with a drug addiction rather than an addict. Use recovering or in recovery from to refer to someone trying to overcome an addiction; that is, someone recovering from a methamphetamine addiction.. Journalists also may want to include such warnings in material distributed to a general audience. If possible, ask the person which is preferable. Otherwise, hard of hearing is almost always acceptable. Help them exercise regularly. AP style: The stylebook uses deaf to describe a person with total hearing loss and partially deaf or partial hearing loss for others. Deaf-mute was traditionally used to refer to people who can neither speak nor hear in traditional ways. The terms intellectually disabled, developmentally disabled, cognitive disability and intellectual disability are acceptable when used in a people-first context to describe someone with Down syndrome, such as the person has a developmental disability. However, it is more accurate to refer specifically to Down syndrome when that is the medically diagnosed condition. However, its use is relatively rare and not generally accepted. Refer to a disability only when its relevant to the story and, when possible, confirm the diagnosis with a reputable source, such as a medical professional or other licensed professional. The device does not fully restore hearing, but it gives a representation of sounds to help a person understand speech. Refrain from using the term trigger warning in a flip or casual way. The Genome Research Institute offers comprehensive information about different genetic conditions, genetic testing and other pertinent topics. Whenever possible, specify the specific illness a person has rather than mental illness in general. NCDJ Recommendation: Many people prefer people-first language, such as a person with tetraplegia rather than tetraplegic, since this implies that the condition defines them. NCDJ Recommendation: Blind may be used for people who have complete or almost complete loss of sight. Background: The Oxford English Dictionary defines neurodiversity as the range of differences in individual brain function and behavioral traits, regarded as part of the normal variation in the human population (used especially in the context of autism spectrum disorders). The word was coined in the late 1990s. AP style: Schizophrenia is classified as a mental illness. Use recovering to refer to someone with the disease of addiction, as in someone recovering from alcoholism.. Do not say the person had a fit or had an epileptic fit.. These conditions begin during the developmental period of life, may impact day-to-day functioning, and usually last throughout a persons lifetime.. AP style: The AP merely defines Tourette Syndrome as, A neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements and vocalizations.. If a medical diagnosis is not available, use quotes around the term and indicate that a diagnosis has not been confirmed. Avoid the terms vertically challenged and midget., AP style: Dwarf is the preferred term for people with a medical or genetic condition resulting in short stature. Midget is considered offensive. NCDJ Recommendation: Ask people how they would like to be described. Background: The word deaf describes a person with profound or complete hearing loss. In addition to their cognitive component, many types of dementia include physical symptoms, such as the abnormal eye movements of Huntingtons disease or the tremors associated with Parkinsons disease. This is caused by the muscles that are used to create speech not functioning properly or to their best ability. Heart attack: Heart attacks cause pain, exhaustion, and shortness of breath, which can result in slurred speech. Its best to avoid using clean and dirty with regard to drug test results, according to the Center for Substance Abuse and Treatment. NCDJ Recommendation: Do not use these words, particularly when reporting on mental illness, unless they are part of a quote that is essential to the story. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder only if the information is relevant to the story and if you are confident the person has been medically diagnosed with the condition. AP style: Not addressed except to recommend using hard of hearing without hyphens unless it is an adjective directly preceding a person. Many people in the Deaf community prefer the use of a lowercase d to refer to audiological status and the use of a capital D when referring to the culture and community of Deaf people. However, it is such a general term that it fails to accurately describe a persons condition and is now widely viewed as offensive in that it implies that a person lacks abilities. This condition happens when children slur their words The Center for Substance Abuse Treatment recommends using people-first language when referring to alcoholism, such as someone with alcoholism or someone with an alcohol addiction., NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone who harmfully uses alcohol as a person with alcoholism rather than an alcoholic, which tends to identify someone solely by their disease. Similarly, ask whether the person prefers identity-first or people-first language. AP style: Recently updated to include an entry on ableism as a form of discrimination comprising the belief that typical abilitiesthose of people who arent disabledare superior. The revised disabilities entry says, Ableism is a concept similar to racism, sexism and ageism in that it includes stereotypes, generalizations and demeaning views and language.. In some cases, the word typical can be used to describe a non-disabled condition, although be aware that some in the disability community object to its use. If Full Deaf, call them Deaf. It is the most common neural tube defect in the U.S. There's nothing inherently negative about spasticity aside from the pain that can result from it but like many neutral words, people have used "spaz" to make However, whenever possible, ask the individual which term they prefer. The following broad definitions are sourced from Psychology Today: NCDJ Recommendation: Ask professionals how they should be identified, based on their formal training. For us, this really emphasizes the fact that no two people are the same either with regard to disabilities or language preferences. Some of the more common genetic conditions include cystic fibrosis, Huntingtons disease, and sickle cell anemia. Avoid using hearing impaired or partial or partially in reference to deafness or hearing loss unless people use those terms for themselves. Others prefer hard of hearing. It is best to ask your sources what they prefer. Avoid confined to a wheelchair or wheelchair-bound as these terms describe a person only in relationship to a piece of equipment. AP style: PTSD is acceptable on either first or second reference but should be spelled out at least one time. Many dislike For a long time, it simply meant slow. The type and amount of melanin your body produces determines the color of your skin, hair and eyes. It might be Easy English. Dysarthria can often lead to a complete loss of speech known as anarthria. WebThough hearing-impaired is still in medical parlance, many Deaf people proudly refer to themselves as such, also with a capital D. Other activists have decided there is nothing wrong with being fat, and have wholeheartedly embraced the term. Avoid using terms such as suffers from or afflicted with in association with the condition. WebIt feels like hearing impaired is the PC term that people use because they're uncomfortable saying "Deaf" and that they don't know how to talk to you or are focusing on your deafness, like they need to pick the right word or you're going to NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having depression only if the information is relevant to the story and you are confident there is a medical diagnosis. Although many in the general public associate disability with people using wheelchairs or white canes or who are missing limbs, more people have conditions that cant be seen but are defined as disabilities under the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act. Some prefer being called dyslexic, others prefer people-first language, as in a person with dyslexia.. NCDJ Recommendation: Use Tourette syndrome with no possessive or capitalization of syndrome. Refer to someone as having Tourette syndrome only if the information is relevant to the story and if youre confident there has been a medical diagnosis. Originally called falling sickness in English, the word has roots in Greek and Latin. Many people with chronic illnesses do not consider themselves disabled and thus may be offended by the term. See Autism In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association folded Aspergers syndrome into one umbrella diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Otherwise, use the terms disabled, disability or person with a disability.. See also Epilepsy/epileptic/epileptic fit. Not every person with a disability suffers, is a victim or is stricken. Instead, be as specific as possible. Some mountainous regions, such as parts of the Alps, do not naturally provide their inhabitants with a diet rich enough in iodine, and the resultant hypothyroidism causes stunted growth and mental retardation. NCDJ Recommendation: Terms such as battle and survivor are still widely accepted and understood, but the user should be aware that they could offend some people. Background: The terms hearing impaired and hearing impairment are sometimes used to describe people with hearing loss that ranges from partial to complete. The condition is a neural tube defect that occurs when the spinal column does not close all the way in the womb. At times, words that are considered outdated may be appropriate because of the storys historical context. When writing about it, specify that major disability organizations do not recognize facilitated communication as a valid communication technique. Background: Cerebral palsy refers to a number of neurological disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood and permanently affect body movement and muscle coordination, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. A developmental disability can include a long-term physical or cognitive/intellectual disability or both. Too Much to Drink. It helps people who want to read and understand information quickly. See also Deaf; Cochlear implant and Hard of hearing. ear infection. The field was founded by Sigmund Freud. Earwax buildup (cerumen) can occlude sound from passing through to the middle ear. Background: Merriam-Webster defines the noun cripple as a lame or partly disabled person or animal and as something flawed or imperfect. It also is used as a verb. They also are sometimes called assistance animals, guide dogs, or Seeing Eye dogs. Even in the case of a direct quote, consider how offensive the term is and include the historical context if possible. The language around COVID-19 is evolving. Specifically, some members of the autism and Deaf communities prefer identity-first language. Dont say that an awards show, for example, was schizophrenic.. If a medical diagnosis is not available, use quotes around the word and indicate that a diagnosis has not been confirmed. The American Psychiatric Association discourages using derogatory language such as the term junkie to refer to someone who misuses drugs. There is an advocacy movement around this concept that argues against the idea that there is one normal or healthy type of brain or mind or one right style of neurocognitive functioning. NCDJ Recommendation: Ask the disabled person or disability organizational spokesperson about their preferred terminology. Some organizations suggest avoiding the terms demented, dementing, dements, senile or senility to refer to someone with dementia. Instead, refer to the persons specific condition or use person with a disability. The terms are still widely used and generally acceptable when citing laws, regulations, places or things, such as handicapped parking, although many prefer the term accessible parking. Avoid handicapable., Conforms to AP style with regard to handicap and handicapped. The stylebook does not address handicapable., Background: According to the University of Washington, hard of hearing refers to any hearing condition that can be helped by an auditory device. Background: These phrases refer to a condition in which the mouth, jaw, tongue and vocal tract do not work together to produce recognizable words. Many experts classify autism as a developmental disability. Should a story about residents complaining about noisy airplanes flying over their houses note that one of the residents who is complaining uses a wheelchair? Conforms to AP style, which adds that in describing groups of people, or when individual preferences cannot be determined, use person-first language. The discussion can be found here. Conforms to AP style: The stylebook cautions against describing an individual as mentally ill unless clearly pertinent to a story and the diagnosis is properly sourced. NCDJ Recommendation: Since the term is not in widespread use, its meaning should be explained for a general audience; ask sources how they prefer to describe their relationships whenever possible. NCDJ Recommendation: When writing about Tiffany Yus group, use Diversability as a proper name. Post-traumatic stress disorder is correct on first reference; use PTSD on second reference. For example: He has muscular dystrophy, and avoiding characterizing those conditions as afflictions. A minimally conscious state is one in which a patient has some awareness of self and/or the environment. Some people have a physical characteristic that is not a result of an amputation. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having PTSD only if the information is relevant to the story and youre confident there is a medical diagnosis. NCDJ Recommendation: Deaf or hard of hearing are the preferred terms. The BBC and The Conversation both have well-considered takes on it. NCDJ Recommendation: Ask your sources what term they prefer. Limited vision: Acceptable when a person is not legally or completely blind, Low vision: Acceptable when a person is not legally or completely blind. NCDJ Recommendation: It is acceptable to state that someone has a congenital disability or lives with a congenital disability. This hearing-impaired population may be even more isolated than the visually impaired community. Background: Ableism refers to discrimination and social prejudice against people with disabilities. They are frequently used by nonspeaking individuals and those with limited vocabulary to aid or replace oral speech. Background: The Americans with Disabilities Act is federal civil rights legislation that was signed into law in 1990 to address discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, public accommodations, transportation and telecommunications as well as state and local government services. When possible, ask sources how they would like to be described. Sometimes people with quadriplegia refer to themselves as quads. In these cases, use in quotes. The institute states, It is common for people to have mixed dementia a combination of two or more types of dementia. It often is caused by a spinal cord or brain injury and is characterized by the loss of sensory and motor function. It is typically caused by a spinal cord or brain injury. It does not address the use of autistic as an adjective. According to the National Institute on Aging, other dementias include Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal disorders and vascular dementia. Healthyplace.com has In short, impairment refers to the condition of an organ or structure of the body; disability means that a person has a functional limitation due to an impairment. Although technology is making it easier for libraries to provide effective NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid referring to someone with a disability as sick or to their disability as a sickness. If a person is receiving medical treatment, then the word patient is appropriate; however, it should be avoided outside of a medical context. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid using lame or lamebrain to describe a person except in a quote. Examples of developmental disabilities include autism spectrum disorder, spina bifida, cerebral palsy and intellectual disabilities. In 2010, President Barack Obama signed a measure known as Rosas Law that replaced the term mental retardation with intellectual disability in many areas of government, including federal law. The word special in relationship to those with disabilities is now widely considered offensive because it euphemistically stigmatizes that which is different. Background: Catatonia is a state in which a person does not move and does not respond to others. AP style: Not directly addressed, although the style book recommends avoiding using disability-related words lightly or in unrelated situations. NCDJ Recommendation: While it is usually acceptable to use these terms, keep in mind that disability and people who have disabilities are not monolithic. It is not interchangeable with American sign language; in fact, its not sign language at all. AP style: Addressed in entry for Trauma, suggesting that traumatic brain injury is an acceptable use of the word trauma., Background: A caregiver is an individual who provides direct care to people with disabilities and others, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. MD is acceptable on second reference. However, organizations such as the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, the Mayo Clinic and the National Stuttering Association generally use the term stuttering to refer to the speech disorder. Some people with autism prefer being referred to as autistic or an autistic person. Others object to using autistic as an adjective. The terms depressed, depressing and depressive are acceptable in other contexts when the person being referenced does not have a medically diagnosed condition. WebYSK that "Hearing Impaired" term is incorrect and offensive, use Hard of Hearing when referring to the demographic. In addition, there is a difference between impairment and disability, according to the Institute of Human Services. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid using the terms unless used in a direct quote. For more information, consult the U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division Disability Rights Section. It is characterized by unusually intense shifts in emotion, energy, behavior and activity levels in what are called mood episodes. Such episodes are usually classified as manic, hypomanic, depressive or mixed episodes. NCDJ Recommendation: Because it is not commonly used, particularly in the U.S., include a definition when using the term. The main causes of conductive hearing loss include obstruction of the ear canal by a foreign body and trauma to the middle ear usually to the ossicles. The most common answer is that they simply dont work very well 1. People-first language is not preferred by all people with disabilities. See entries on Depression and Mental illness/mental disorder. A treatment center is an establishment usually run by psychiatric or medical professionals. Those with dysarthria often slur or drag their words when they try to pronounce them. NCDJ Recommendation: Use person with a brain injury or person with a traumatic brain injury rather than brain damaged, which is considered derogatory. People with OCD usually exhibit both obsessions and compulsions but sometimes exhibit only one or the other. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to injuries as being sustained or received rather than suffered, as suffer implies that an injured person is a victim or somehow less than a person who has not been injured. Thats OK. You may end up using a derogatory term in a direct quote, but be certain that its fundamental to the story. AP style: Included in its Disabled/Handicapped entry, the stylebook describes blind as a person with complete loss of sight and suggests using the terms visually impaired or person with low vision for those who have some sight. Background: Schizophrenia is a serious chronic mental illness characterized by distorted recognition and interpretations of reality, affecting how an individual thinks, feels and acts, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.Common symptoms include visual and auditory hallucinations, delusional and disordered thinking, unresponsiveness, and a lack of pleasure in daily life and other social issues. Background: These terms refer to a variety of ways that people communicate without speaking. NCDJ Recommendation: Do not use the term freak to describe a person with a disability as it is derogatory. NCDJ Recommendation: It is preferable to use neutral language when describing a person who has a disability, simply stating the facts about the nature of the disability. (The proper terminology in the United Kingdom is Downs syndrome). 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