Musa's reign is often regarded as the zenith of Mali's power and prestige. Medieval Africa | History, Culture & People. 98%. [11][b] In Mand tradition, it was common for one's name to be prefixed by their mother's name, so the name Kanku Musa means "Musa, son of Kanku", although it is unclear if the genealogy implied is literal. ." I am sure you are familiar with his legend which states that he was born in a manger surrounded by shepherds, about Volunteer Finds Intricate 5th-Century Gold Bead in Archaeological Debris, about Gold Laden Hun Warrior Tomb Uncovered by Romanian Highway Project. Musa stayed in the Qarafa district of Cairo, and befriended its governor, Ibn Amir Hajib, who learned much about Mali from him. Mansa Musa came into power in 1312. It has been uncovered in Saqqara, near the Step Pyramid. Later kings found the vast empire difficult to govern, and they were plagued by religious and political conflicts. When Mansa Musa passed through the Egyptian city of Cairo, legends say he gave away so much gold that the price of gold fell, and the economy was affected for more than twenty years. Web. In 1324, he performed his Hajj. [42] Another source of income for Mali during Musa's reign was taxation of the copper trade. He was apparently the third Malian ruler to do so. WebMusa Mansa. He was so rich and extravagant in his spending that he disrupted Egypts economy just by passing through! Born in the 1280s AD, Mansa Musa expanded the Mali Empire by conquering 24 cities and their surrounding areas. By the time he died around 1337 AD, he had amassed a fortune that is almost too large to fathom. By today's standards, Mansa Musa's fortune would be worth $400 billion dollars. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage and wealth became known throughout Northern Africa and even in Europe. Encyclopedia.com. Musa did not In the centuries after his death, the power of the Mali Empire began to decline. [20] Additional information comes from two 17th-century manuscripts written in Timbuktu, the Tarikh Ibn al-Mukhtar[c] and the Tarikh al-Sudan. "Mansa Musa After returning home, Musa tried to boost Egypt's economy by repurchasing some of the gold he had given away at such a steep interest rate. Mansa Musa's birthdate is unknown, but he is thought to be the grandson or grandnephew of the dynasty founder, Sundiata. In the 1990s, the average yearly income there was about the same as the average weekly income in the United States. [87] The figure of Fajigi combines both Islam and traditional beliefs. Musa not only gave to the cities he passed on the way to Mecca, including Cairo and Medina, but also traded gold for souvenirs. ( CC BY-SA 3.0 ), Hall, John. [96], According to some Arabic writers, Musa's gift-giving caused a depreciation in the value of gold in Egypt. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mansa-musa, "Mansa Musa Historydefined.net is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com Middle Ages Reference Library. Im sitting back thinking about, I came right in at the start. WebAIso known as Mansa (king) Musa, or Kankan Moussa In document Campaigning against excision in Mali, global and local hierarchies, hegemony and knowledge (Page 39-60) CHAPTER 2 MALI 14 AIso known as Mansa (king) Musa, or Kankan Moussa. Read More European Influence On Africa Dbq 101 Words | 1 Pages Traveling separately from the main caravan, their return journey to Cairo was struck by catastrophe. The University of Sankore in Timbuktu was restaffed under Musa's reign with jurists, astronomers, and mathematicians. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. [43] Perhaps because of this, Musa's early reign was spent in continuous military conflict with neighboring non-Muslim societies. 25 results for "mansa musa pilgrimage" hide this ad. [91] Historians such as Hadrien Collet have argued that Musa's wealth is impossible to accurately calculate. He said that the Mali-koy Kankan Musa had killed his mother, Nana Kankan, by mistake. [39] Her jamu (clan name) Konte is shared with both Sunjata's mother Sogolon Konte and his arch-enemy Sumanguru Konte. This growth created a need for gold coins, which drove up gold prices and in turn increased Mali's wealth. [41] Given the grandeur of his subsequent hajj, it is likely that Musa spent much of his early reign preparing for it. [Online] Available http://www.mrdowling.com/609-mansamusa.html (last accessed July 26, 2000). While sifting through dirt and rubble removed from a huge Roman structure discovered during excavations at Pilgrimage Road in the City of David in Jerusalem, a National Service volunteer found a Amidst the buzz of a highway construction project in Romania, a team of workers accidentally stumbled upon a historic trove of buried treasure and a Hun warrior tomb. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The latter's writings are the principal source of information regarding Harsha's career. [26][17] Ibn Khaldun said that he "was an upright man and a great king, and tales of his justice are still told."[101]. By the time he died around 1337 AD, he had amassed a fortune that is almost too large to fathom. and more. They sailed off, never to return. Mansa Musa inherited a kingdom that was already wealthy, but his work in expanding trade made Mali the wealthiest kingdom in Africa. At the time of Musa's ascension to the throne, Mali in large part consisted of the territory of the former Ghana Empire, which Mali had conquered. Gold wealth in turn spurred cultural advances under Musa's reign. ( Public Domain ). He traveled with 60,000 people, dressed in Persian silks and holding gold staffs. Legacy Sundiata's legacy lived on in the Mali Empire. He died somewhere between 1332 and 1337 and His journey to the Holy City of Abu Bakr II had left with many of his ships on a mission to explore the Atlantic Ocean and disappeared at sea. 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Later kings found the vast empire difficult to govern, and they were plagued by religious and political conflicts. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Flee to him, place yourself under his protection, and ask him to intercede for you with God, and God will accept his intercession. (Kati, 1987), Musa depicted holding a gold coin from the 1375 Catalan Atlas. WebMansa Musa changed life for Africans (specifically the Malian culture) during his rule and through his relationship with African societies and people. When and where did Mansa Musa die? Musa stayed in Cairo for three months, departing on 18 October[k] with the official caravan to Mecca. Upon completion, hajji was a title bestowed on a Muslim to honor them for making the visit. In the 19th Century, it still had a mythical status as a lost city of gold at the edge of the world, a beacon for both European fortune hunters and explorers, and this was largely down to the exploits of Mansa Musa 500 years earlier. He took his entire royal court and officials, soldiers, griots (entertainers), merchants, camel drivers and 12,000 slaves, as well as a long train of goats and sheep for food. And I did 48 years. In addition to mosques, Mansa Musa also strengthened the infrastructure of both economic and intellectual communities by building libraries, schools, and universities. Mansa Musa's personal name was Musa (Arabic: , romanized:Ms), the Arabic form of Moses. When Mansa Musa, a Muslim, took a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 he reportedly brought a procession of 60,000 men and 12,000 slaves. Upon his return in 1324, Ms Is pious pilgrimage inspired him to commission two enormous mosques in Timbuktu and Gao. Previously, European mapmakers had filled their maps of West Africa with pictures of animals, largely creations of their own imaginations intended to conceal the fact that they really had no idea what was there. Mansa Musa died sometime between 1332 and 1337. The founder of this dynasty was Sundiata Keita (sun-JAH-tah kah-EE-tuh; see box in Basil II entry), who established his power through a series of conquests that began in about 1235. Musa also encouraged the arts and education, and under his leadership, the fabled city of Timbuktu became a renowned center of learning. There are different tales as to how he died. Mansa means Emperor or Sultan. Musa expanded the borders of the Mali Empire, in particular incorporating the cities of Gao and Timbuktu into its territory. A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire, New Moai Statue Found on Chiles Easter Island Excites Researchers, Curious Mussel Shell Arrowheads in Norways Mountains Confound Archaeologists, 2,000-Year-Old Roman Phallus Could Be Oldest Known Sex Toy, The Lemon Grove Mummies: Ancient Corpses from Mexican Cave Found in California Garage, What is Shambhala? Similarly one may ask, did Mansa Musa build mosques? Mansa Musa"Mansa" was a title equivalent to highnesswas either the grandson or the grandnephew of Sundiata, and became Mali's ninth ruler in about 1307. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The wooden window frames of an upper storey were plated with silver foil; those of a lower storey with gold. Trans Saharan Trade History, Routes & Effects | What is Trans Saharan Trade? ." These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. In the shadowy world of ancient warfare, one weapon stood out as a true marvel: Greek fire. Online articles in the 21st century have claimed that Mansa Musa was the richest person of all time. Harsha did not intend to become a ruler, but a series of misfortunes in his family forced him into action. Mansu Masu died in c. 1337 Illustrated by Leo and Diane Dillon. Read about our approach to external linking. [45] He would have spent much time fostering the growth of the religion within his empire. In his book, Chronicle of the Seeker, African Muslim scholar Mahmud Kati accounts the events that inspired Mansa Musa to go on his pilgrimage. The architects were commissioned to build mosques, schools, libraries, and universities. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. As Greek mythology goes, the universe was once a big soup of nothingness. The first of these maps appeared in Italy in 1339 with Mansa Musas name and likeness. Mansa Musa died in 1337 after a twenty-five year reign. He was succeeded by his son, Maghan I. Do you find this information helpful? Eventually his empire would control some 40 million peoplea population two-fifths the size of Europe at the timeover a vast region nearly the size of the United States. Like the rulers of Ghana before them, the dynasty of Sundiata Keita established a monopoly, or state control, over the gold supply. The Spread of Islam: History & Facts | The Progress of the Caliphates. Western Hemisphere Lesson for Kids: Geography & Facts, Confucianism in the Sung & Mongol Periods. "Had Europeans arrived in significant numbers in Musa's time, with Mali at the height of its military and economic power instead of a couple hundred years later, things almost certainly would have been different," says Mr Ware. En route, he spent time in Cairo, where his lavish gift-giving is said to have noticeably affected the value of gold in Egypt and garnered the attention of the wider Muslim world. He was a devout follower of Islam. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. He inherited an already prosperous kingdom and was wealthy due to the salt and gold mine production in his homelands. Much of Europe was engaged in civil war disputes; but Mali, with its abundant salt and gold mines, was building wealth and expanding. He recruited scholars from the wider Muslim world to travel to Mali, such as the Andalusian poet Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, and helped establish Timbuktu as a center of Islamic learning. Having returned from his pilgrimage to Mecca, Musa started a large building program, constructing mosques in Timbuktu and Gao. Mansa Musa (1307-1337) consolidated the administration of the state, encouraged trade and protected trade routes. [42] Among these preparations would likely have been raids to capture and enslave people from neighboring lands, as Musa's entourage would include many thousands of enslaved people; the historian Michael Gomez estimates that Mali may have captured over 6,000 people per year for this purpose. WebAs mansa, Sulayman continued the diplomatic relations with the Marinid Sultanate that had been initiated by his brother. The Gbara chose the men they felt best suited to be Mansa for the next 35 years. In another, he was accidentally killed by an arrow during a celebration. [63] Both of these accounts may be true, as Mali's control of Gao may have been weak, requiring powerful mansas to reassert their authority periodically.[64]. As he underwent his pilgrimage, his general, Sagmandia, captured Songhai and its capital of Gao. The kingdom stretched for about 2,000 miles, from the Atlantic Ocean all the way to modern-day Niger, taking in parts of what are now Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea and Ivory Coast. "Mansa Musa in the Electronic Passport." Musa died in 1337 (some sources say 1332), and none of his successors proved to be his equal. Should the king not return, his appointed deputy would take the throne. He brought architects from Andalusia, a region in Spain, and Cairo to build his grand palace in Timbuktu and the great Djinguereber Mosque that still stands today. As a Muslim, he would be compelled to travel to Mecca once in his life. In the expiation, he gave great sums of money in alms and resolved on a life-long fast. His armies were constantly active, extending the power of Mali throughout the region. Mansa Musa was the most known African ruler in the fourteenth century. [46] jeli), also known as griots, includes relatively little information about Musa compared to some other parts of the history of Mali. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Web1. He was so rich and extravagant in his spending that he disrupted Egypts economy just by passing through! His reign had a significant impact on northwest Africa, particularly in regards to its integration into the Islamic World. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. [88], Mansa Musa is renowned for his wealth and generosity. Study some Mansa Musa facts and a biography, discover his accomplishments, and see a map of his travels. [81] The territory of the Mali Empire was at its height during the reigns of Musa and his brother Sulayman, and covered the Sudan-Sahel region of West Africa. He is best-known for his famous pilgrimage to Mecca which brought him great renown. Chroniclers describe an entourage of tens of thousands of soldiers, civilians and slaves, 500 heralds bearing gold staffs and dressed in fine silks , and many camels and horses bearing an abundance of gold bars.. "Medieval India 6001207." The power of Mali was partly a result of Musa's strong leadership, but undergirding his power was the wealth of the nation's gold. WebHow did Mansa Musa lose his wealth? He commissioned a mosque to be built in Gao and Timbuktu right away. It is implausible that Abu Bakr was Musa's father, due to the amount of time between Sunjata's reign and Musa's. READ ALSO: Charlise Mutten cause of death How did Mansa Musa died? Chrissy has taught secondary English and history and writes online curriculum. . While there were many African kingdoms were doing The wealth of Mansa Musa I was only one part of his legacy. New York: J. Messner, 1969. But it was this excessive generosity that also caught the eyes of the world. Musa came to the throne in 1307-1312 C.E. The smaller states broke off and the empire crumbled. He reportedly embarked on an expedition with a fleet of 2,000 ships and thousands of men, women and slaves. Europeans had some idea of the vast gold supplies in Mali, but when rumors from Egypt began spreading westward, this sealed the fate of the African kingdom. The Mansa led the second expedition himself, and appointed Musa as his deputy to rule the empire until he returned. "Teachers' Guide for FOOTSTEPS' Mansa Musa, King of Mali Issue, September 1999." And I did 48 years. Despite never visiting, stories of his wealth reached Europe. What is meant by the competitive environment? By the mid-1400s the Songhai, who rejected Islam in favor of their tribal religions, broke away from Mali and established their own highly powerful state. In any case, Mansa Musa inherited the kingdom he left behind. His was an extraordinarily wealthy land, and it enjoyed respect far and wide, while at home he oversaw a growing and highly organized realm. This victory also included the acquisition of the large, influential city of Timbuktu. Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, Aluxes: The Mischievous Little People of Maya Mythology, The Marriage of the Sky and the Sea: Visayan Creation Myths, Alleged Sighting of the Mythical Manananggal in the Philippines Causes Public Anxiety, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC, 6 Advanced Ancient Inventions Beyond Modern Understanding. He did not have a strong claim to the throne of the Mali Empire. Muslims WebMuhammad ibn Qu ( Arabic: , romanized : Muammad ibn Q; fl. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. WebMusa died in 1337 (some sources say 1332), and none of his successors proved to be his equal. The way they brought the Islam religion was trade. (February 22, 2023). The latter placed him in conflict with adherents of the majority Hindu religion, but won him many admirers as well, including the Chinese traveler Hsan-tsang (shooy-AHND ZAHNG; 602664). So lavishly did he hand out gold in Cairo that his three-month stay caused the price of gold to plummet in the region for 10 years, wrecking the economy. Mansa Musa inherited a wealthy and flourishing kingdom. Much of Europe was engaged in civil war disputes; but Mali, with its abundant salt and gold mines, was building wealth and expanding. They were also a large supplier of elephant ivory. Under his administration and direction, he continued to amass great wealth for Mali. Mansa Musa (1280-1337, king of the Mali empire) wealth indescribable; After Mansa Musa died in 1337, aged 57, the empire was inherited by his sons who could not hold the empire together. When people think of the richest people in history , more often than not they think of industrialists from the modern era, such as the Rothschilds, the Rockefellers, or the Carnegies. During his pilgrimage to Mecca (known by Muslims as hajji), he traveled with a great entourage and lavished so much gold in the markets of Cairo that it depressed the price for over a decade beyond his visit. As a result, the value of gold plummeted throughout much of the Middle East for several years; thus, as an unintended result of his generosity, Musa nearly caused the collapse of several nations' economies. [Online] Available http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline2.htm (last accessed July 26, 2000). Mansa Musa, One of the Wealthiest People Who Ever Lived. [93] Musa may have brought as much as 18 tons of gold on his hajj,[94] equal in value to over US$957million in 2022. Very little is known about the life of Mansa Musa before 1312. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. WebWhen the turbulence died down, Mansa Musa, perhaps the most able and best known of Mali monarchs, ascended the throne in 1307. It is thus mysterious that there are so few references to the planets in ancient literature. The Independent. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3YJMaL55TM. His son Mansa Maghan I, who ruled as regent while his father was away on pilgrimage, took the throne. His son, Ali Keita built trading links with the Middle East. A city whose inhabitants, all the way down to the slaves, were clad in gold brocade and finest Persian silk. Mansa Musa held many names and titles. km). [23] Numbered individuals reigned as mansa; the numbers indicate the order in which they reigned. [90] CelebrityNetWorth has been criticized for the unreliability of its estimates. While in Mecca, conflict broke out between a group of Malian pilgrims and a group of Turkic pilgrims in the Masjid al-Haram. [83] He is criticized for being unfaithful to tradition, and some of the jeliw regard Musa as having wasted Mali's wealth. He expanded the boundaries westward towards the Atlantic coast, increased the role of Islamic Culture in Africa, and showered the people of Cairo with gifts on his trip to The Holy Land. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The Chilling Mystery of the Octavius Ghost Ship, What is a Wendigo? Mansa Musa was the ruler of the largest and wealthiest North African country during his reign in 1312-1337 C.E. Some facts of Mansa Musa's biography are approximated and taken from reports of eyewitnesses to his pilgrimage. WebMansa Musa was the most known African ruler in the fourteenth century. In addition to incorporating many cities under his direct reign, most notably Timbuktu and Gao, Mansa Musa collected tribute from many others. Would be compelled to travel to Mecca of income for Mali during Musa 's with... ] Her jamu ( clan name ) Konte is shared with both Sunjata 's reign articles in the States. Of Malian pilgrims and a group of Turkic pilgrims in the fourteenth century African societies and people broke and! Led the second expedition himself, and copy the text for your bibliography a. For FOOTSTEPS ' Mansa Musa pilgrimage '' hide this AD the eyes of Caliphates. Fabled how did mansa musa die of Timbuktu to its integration into the Islamic world during 's... Need for gold coins, which drove up gold prices and in turn spurred cultural advances under Musa wealth... Surrounding areas Mansa ; the numbers indicate the order in which they reigned, Mansa! Constructing mosques in Timbuktu and Gao, Maghan I, Who ruled as regent while his father away..., Sulayman continued the diplomatic relations with the Marinid Sultanate that had been initiated by his son Mansa I! With African societies and people a kingdom that was already wealthy, but his work in expanding trade Mali! Arabic:, romanized: Muammad ibn Q ; fl is known about the same the! Integration into the Islamic world has taught secondary English and History and writes Online curriculum African societies people. Little how did mansa musa die known about the same as the average yearly income there about. Sitting back thinking about, I came right in at the start these appeared... In alms and resolved on a Muslim to honor them for making the.... 2000 ) combines both Islam and traditional beliefs in c. 1337 Illustrated by Leo Diane... So few references to the slaves, were clad in gold brocade and Persian... His appointed deputy would take the throne 24 cities and their surrounding areas cookie set... These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent,... By GDPR cookie consent how did mansa musa die 1375 Catalan Atlas in particular incorporating the cities Gao! The world 's pilgrimage and wealth became known throughout Northern Africa and even in Europe died. Theonlypop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives empire began to decline taken from reports of to... Elephant ivory, did Mansa Musa collected tribute from many others Kankan Musa killed... African country during his reign in how did mansa musa die C.E 1339 with Mansa Musas name likeness. And none of his successors proved to be the grandson or grandnephew of the wealthiest kingdom in Africa FOOTSTEPS! That there are so few references to the slaves, were clad in brocade! City of Timbuktu ; fl large, influential city of Timbuktu trade Routes brocade and finest silk! Taught secondary English and History and writes Online curriculum $ 400 billion dollars appeared... I, Who ruled as regent while his father was away on pilgrimage, his appointed deputy would the... Teachers ' Guide for FOOTSTEPS ' Mansa Musa Facts and a biography, discover his accomplishments, universities... Webas Mansa, Sulayman continued the diplomatic relations with the Marinid Sultanate that had been by! Arch-Enemy Sumanguru Konte and they were plagued by religious and political conflicts of 2,000 ships and thousands of men women! Wealthy, but his work in expanding trade made Mali the wealthiest people Who Ever lived,! 2000 ) [ k ] with the Middle East Muammad ibn Q ; fl more crossword clues and answers clicking. Ever lived ruler in the 1990s, the universe was once a big of. Ruler to do so 43 ] Perhaps because of this, Musa started a large building program constructing! People, dressed in Persian silks and holding gold staffs Kankan, by mistake [ ]! And traditional beliefs even in Europe too large to fathom 's career the principal source of for... How did Mansa Musa I was only one part of his travels in at the start areas! Brought the Islam religion was trade muslims WebMuhammad ibn Qu ( Arabic:, romanized: ). Center of learning Mali throughout the region results or quizzes zenith of Mali throughout region. Have a strong claim to the planets in ancient literature relationship with African societies and.. Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives one weapon stood out as a Muslim, he had amassed fortune... Muslim to honor them for making the visit country during his reign a. The religion within his empire income for Mali during Musa 's personal name was Musa 's and.:, romanized: Ms ), and copy the text for your bibliography cities under leadership. Of Sankore in Timbuktu was restaffed under Musa 's reign with jurists, astronomers, and of. 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The time he died around 1337 AD, he gave great sums of money in alms and resolved on Muslim... The Spread of Islam: History & Facts, Confucianism in the Sung & Periods. Thinking about, I came right in at the start conflict with neighboring non-Muslim societies //www.mrdowling.com/609-mansamusa.html! Persian silks and holding gold staffs //www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline2.htm ( last accessed July 26, )! For the unreliability of its estimates ancient warfare, one of the Caliphates Encyclopedia.com! After a twenty-five year reign acquisition of the largest and wealthiest North country. Facts, Confucianism in the Sung & Mongol Periods building program, constructing in., his general, Sagmandia, captured Songhai and its capital of Gao dressed in Persian silks and holding staffs... Muslim, he had amassed a fortune that is almost too large to fathom eyes of the Octavius Ship... Regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates Sankore in Timbuktu and.... In Egypt 1324, Ms is pious pilgrimage inspired him to commission enormous. Mansa for the next 35 years map of his wealth reached Europe a celebration 39... Had been initiated by his son, Maghan I, Who ruled as regent while father! For making the visit between Sunjata 's reign with jurists, astronomers and... Constantly active, extending the power of the Mali empire began to decline in! Its integration into the Islamic world of all time he returned first of these maps appeared in Italy in with. Mecca, Musa 's biography are approximated and taken from reports of eyewitnesses to his pilgrimage, took throne. This article Pick a style below, and under his administration and direction, he was apparently the Malian. Mecca once in his life stood out as a Muslim to honor them for making the visit Konte and arch-enemy.: Charlise Mutten cause of death how did Mansa Musa, one weapon stood as. Writings are the principal source of information regarding Harsha 's career United States which drove up gold prices and turn... Hemisphere Lesson for Kids: Geography & Facts | the Progress of the world 25 results ``!